Please understand the international financial settlement and financial trade brothers

1.General** financing. It refers to the fact that the funds are received from commercial banks. Usually, this kind of financing is closely integrated with international settlements. There are three types of loan tenors: short-term, medium-term and long-term, and the market fixed or floating interest rate is adopted.

2.Policy-based** financing. It refers to the loans provided by the official or semi-official export credit agencies of various countries to the banks of another country, importers, or the credit guarantees provided by the semi-official export credit agencies, and the loans provided by commercial banks to banks, importers, and enterprises of another country with their own funds.

The loan is usually limited to the purchase of capital goods of the lending country in order to facilitate the lending country's exports.

Legal basis: Measures of the People's Republic of China for the Administration of Financial Assets Investment Companies (for Trial Implementation) Article 4 When a bank implements a debt-to-equity swap through a financial assets investment company, it shall transfer its creditor's rights to the financial assets investment company, and the financial assets investment company shall convert the creditor's rights into the equity of the target enterprise. Banks are not allowed to directly convert debts into equity, unless otherwise provided by the state.

Financial asset investment companies are encouraged to implement debt-to-equity swaps by first acquiring the bank's creditor's rights to the enterprise, and then converting the creditor's rights into equity, and the acquisition shall be determined by the two parties through independent negotiation in accordance with the principle of marketization. If a bank's non-performing assets are involved, it may be handled in accordance with the relevant provisions on the disposal of non-performing assets. Banks are encouraged to use the provisions in a timely manner to write off asset transfer losses.

The difference between international finance and international finance is that international finance is based on logistics, and international finance is based on capital or currency flow.

The connection between international finance and international finance is that international finance should use currency as a means of settlement, so in addition to logistics, it is also accompanied by capital or currency flows.

International settlement refers to the act of international transfer of currency payments and payments to settle the transaction activities between two parties in different countries. It mainly includes payment methods, payment terms, and settlement methods, among others.

The main methods of international settlement are remittance, letter of credit and collection. According to the import business and export business, the remittance is divided into inward remittance and outward remittance; L/C is divided into export L/C and import L/C; Collections are divided into export collections and import collections.

Export collection: The bank is entrusted by the exporter to collect the payment from the importer through its foreign ** bank or overseas branch to realize the transfer of funds with the credit vouchers and commercial papers submitted by the exporter. There are two forms of export collection: Documents Against Payment (DP) and Documents Against Acceptance (DA).

Inward Collection: The bank accepts the entrustment of the foreign ** bank or the associated bank to collect the import payment from the importer in accordance with the instructions of the ** bank or the associated bank, and delivers the relevant commercial documents to the importer. Import collection can be divided into two ways: Documents Against Payment (DP) and Documents Against Acceptance (DA).

The methods and methods adopted by international settlements are spontaneously generated in the economic exchanges of various countries, and the main international settlement methods such as remittances, collections, and letters of credit are all products of history. In the 60s and 80s of the 20th century, modern means such as electronic computers, telex, and television transfers were widely used, and the technical level of settlement was greatly improved.

International settlement is a highly technical international financial business, and it involves many complex social and economic issues. Countries or groups of countries with different social systems and different levels of economic development often have various contradictions and conflicts over the requirements and choices of international settlement methods. Each country strives to use the settlement method that is most beneficial to its own country.

There are roughly the following types of financing methods for entering and exiting**:

1. Margin reduction and exemption issuance: Margin reduction and exemption issuance refers to a kind of financing business in which our bank waives or partially exempts the customer's issuance deposit and issues L/C for the customer. Customers who apply for margin reduction and exemption need to have a credit line, which will be deducted when the letter is issued, and the line will be restored when the letter of credit is paid.

2. Import bills.

Import bill advance refers to the business of short-term financing provided by the bank to the applicant when making external payments and repaying the principal and interest at the agreed interest rate and deadline under the premise of holding the right to import goods under the import letter of credit.

3. Delivery guarantee.

Delivery guarantee means that when the original bill of lading under the letter of credit issued by the customer is not received and the goods have arrived at the port, the customer can apply to our bank for the issuance of a delivery guarantee, and hand it over to the carrier to pick up the goods first, and then exchange the original documents for the original delivery guarantee after the customer obtains the original documents.

4. Package and lend.

Letter of Credit Packing (packing

Finance), also known as export letter of credit mortgage loan, refers to the exporter receiving the letter of credit issued by the issuing bank and applying for RMB working capital loan from our bank for the procurement, processing, packaging and production of export goods.

5. Export bills.

Shangpu Consulting mentioned that export bills refer to a short-term export financing method in which our bank pays consideration to the beneficiary with recourse to the spot or forward export documents without receiving the relevant payment at the application of the beneficiary (exporter), transfers the rights of the relevant documents, and finances funds to the beneficiary.

Imports: foreign exchange bills, low-risk business (pledge of certificates of deposit, treasury bonds), factoring and endorsement, working capital loans, etc.

Export: Billing, Discounting, Forfaiting, Export Invoice Financing, Export Risk Participation, etc.

In order to meet the needs of the new situation of China's international settlement and international financing business development, and to meet the requirements of the majority of practitioners and teachers and students of higher financial and economic and trade colleges, we refer to some international settlement textbooks, absorb the new content and new practices in the current specific business, and compile this book - "International Settlement and Financing" from the dual perspectives of China and the bank.

International financial business. There are foreign exchange business (spot forward, involving arbitrage arbitrage and general foreign exchange speculation business), international finance and options business, as well as foreign financing, foreign investment, international leasing, investment, international settlement, international commercial bank loan business, etc. The scope of the coverage is a wide range.

International**! This corresponds to the domestic **, which can be divided into industries and can involve all walks of life, such as agriculture, industry, service and so on. To put it bluntly, if you can have domestic **, you can have international**.

It is just to expand the business from one country to two countries or between multiple countries, involving a series of issues such as international transportation, customs clearance, taxes, exchange rates, international payments and so on.

Your problem is too big. If you really want to, you have to write two books. One is called "International**" and the other is called "International Finance". If you want to know more specifics, let's find two books to read.

There are two kinds of international finance, international finance is money to foreign exchange, and so on. You should also ask in detail, whether you want to ask them about the differences or the similarities.

First of all, you have to see how the exchange rate is**, the left is the bank ** price, for example, 1 pound in the question, and the right is the bank selling price, for example, the dollar in the question is 1 pound.

Secondly, the calculation of arbitrage is ultimately to convert back to the local currency, you can find this way of thinking, the beginning of the pound, the end is also the pound. In the middle is the exchange rate that has nothing to do with the pound.

In the end, it's how to set and where to start. In fact, my personal method is to take a calculator and calculate directly, first try to convert from pounds to dollars, then dollars to francs, and finally francs to pounds. Then try pounds to francs, francs to dollars, and then dollars to pounds.

It depends on the final value to be larger.

So this question is to first exchange 3 million pounds of ** for francs, then for US dollars 5949070 yuan, and finally for 3060221 pounds sterling, the total arbitrage profit is 60,221 US dollars.

What you mean in your second chart is to replace the exchange relationship between the two foreign exchange markets with the same. In this case, the London forex market is the British pound US dollar, and the Zurich foreign exchange market is the British pound and the Swiss franc. You will have to exchange the exchange relationship between the two foreign exchange markets in the form of British pounds, US dollars or British pounds and francs.

This way you can directly see which market is cheaper and which is more expensive.

In the case of your question, if you choose to convert the exchange relationship of the Zurich foreign exchange market into the form of pounds and dollars, such a conversion needs to be calculated in francs. 1 pound to franc and franc to 1 dollar. Divide by to get one pound to the dollar on the Zurich foreign exchange market.

Francs for 1 pound sterling and 1 dollar for francs. Divide by the US dollar to £1 on the Zurich foreign exchange market. Finally, the exchange rate is obtained.

Zurich Pound Sterling Dollar = London Market Pound Sterling Dollar = , Zurich Dollar is cheap and can be exchanged for more Dollar, London Dollar is expensive. So sell pounds to buy dollars in Zurich, and sell dollars to buy pounds in the London market. You can arbitrage profits.

The answer is similar to the previous method, and it may be a little wrong.

If you don't understand what I'm saying, I suggest you use my first method, the two methods don't take much time, and the teacher won't give you a mistake.

Can't let everyone be human. One.