How to judge what is an inverted sentence in classical Chinese and what is a pretend

Old Chinese. There are several cases of inverted sentences:

1. Subject-verb inversion.

In exclamation sentences. or interrogative, which is placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the predicate to reinforce the exclamatory or interrogative tone. Subject-verb inversion is also called predicate preposition or subject postposition. In Old Chinese. The position of the predicate is also the same as in modern Chinese.

is generally placed after the subject, but sometimes in order to emphasize and highlight the meaning of the predicate, in some interrogative sentences or exclamation sentences, the predicate is advanced before the subject.

For example: Greatly, you are not favored (wise)! (The fool moves the mountain.)

Translation: "You are too unintelligent".

2. Postponement of the definite sentence.

In ancient Chinese, in order to highlight the modifier, the definite was sometimes placed in the center word.

Afterwards. In classical Chinese, the position of the definite is generally in front of the central word, but sometimes in order to highlight the status of the central word, emphasize the content of the definite word, or make the tone smooth, the definite is often placed after the central word.

For example: a horse for a thousand miles, a meal or a stone. ("The Horse Says.")

Horses that travel thousands of miles a day can sometimes eat a stone of millet in one meal. ）

3. The object is preposed.

The pronoun in the negative sentence acts as an object, an interrogative pronoun.

The object is usually preceded when it is used as an object as a verb or preposition, and when the word "zhi" or "is" is used as a sign for Tibin. In classical Chinese, the object of a verb or preposition is generally placed after the verb or preposition.

For example, why does Confucius call it "Wen"? "Why" is an inversion of "Why".

4. Posterior adverbials.

In modern Chinese, an adverbial is placed before a predicate, and if it is placed after a predicate, it is a complement. However, in classical Chinese, adverbs, adjectives, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, etc., are used after the predicate (or after the object if the predicate is followed by an object). It is a monosyllabic word, with no phonetic pause in front of it, and it is not separated by commas in writing; are polysyllabic words or phrases, preceded by phonetic pauses, separated by commas in writing.

The meaning of modifying and restricting the predicate is the postposition of the adverbial.

Generally speaking, the first step is to analyze the sentence components, that is, to analyze what is the subject, the predicate, the object, the adverbial, and the definite. According to the normal word order - subject-verb-object order, the predicate is in front of the noun, and the adverbial modifies the predicate, if the word order is not correct, it means that there is inversion.

Specifically, inverted sentences in classical Chinese generally appear in pronouns, interrogative words as the subject, or sentences with the word "zhi".

Inverted sentences are commonly found in classical Chinese, and the main types are object preposition, subject-verb inversion, definite postposition, and prepositional object structure postposition.

1. The object is preposed. In classical Chinese, the object of a verb or preposition is generally placed after the verb or preposition, for example, in an interrogative sentence, the interrogative pronoun is the object, and the object is preposed. In this type of sentence, the object of the preposition is also preposed.

Example: Why does Confucius call it "Wen"? "Why" is an inversion of "why", which can be translated as "why".

2. Subject-verb inversion Subject-verb inversion is also called predicate preposition or subject-postposition. In Old Chinese. The position of the predicate is also the same as in modern Chinese, which is generally placed after the subject, but sometimes in order to emphasize and highlight the meaning of the predicate, in some interrogative sentences or exclamation sentences, the predicate is advanced before the subject.

For example, in "The Fool Moves the Mountain": It's very much, you are not favored. The whole sentence is "Thou hast not been favored".

The predicate is preliminary, and the meaning of the expression is emphasized, which can be translated as "you are too unintelligent".

3. Postposition of the definite sentence In classical Chinese, the position of the definite is generally in front of the central word, but sometimes in order to highlight the status of the central word, emphasize the content of the definite word, or make the tone fluent, the definite is often placed after the central word.

In the first case, "the central word is followed by the predicator", such as Ouyang Xiu's "The Legend of the Drunken Man's Pavilion", "The peak turns around, and there is a pavilion wings on the spring, and the drunkard pavilion is also"."Pavilion wings are on the spring" is an inversion of "wings are on the spring pavilion", and the definite sentence is placed at the end, which can be translated as "a pavilion that stands high on the spring like a bird spreading its wings." ”

In the second case, "the postposition of the central word" is an example: the chrysanthemum is given, and the flower is also hidden. "The Recluse of Flowers" is an inversion of "Recluse Flowers". It can be translated as "a flower with a hidden temperament".

Based on the sentence order of modern Chinese, we divide the inverted sentences in classical Chinese into object preposition, definite sentence postposition, adverbial postposition, subject-verb inversion, etc.

1.The object is preposed.

The so-called object preposition is the component that is usually used as an object, placed in front of the predicate verb to show emphasis. For example, the "of" in "the belief of not believing" is the preposition object. Object prepositions are usually divided into four cases.

1) In the interrogative sentence, the interrogative pronoun is used as the object, and the object is preceded. For example: "What is the king?" ”

2) In the negative sentence, the pronoun is the object, and the object is preposed. For example: "The ancients did not deceive".

3) With the help of "of" and "is", the object is advanced. For example: "I don't know how to read the sentence, and I don't understand it." "Diligently studying is urgent, and it is not very common."

4) The object is preceded in the prepositional phrase. For example: "Otherwise, how did you come here?" ”

2.The definite sentence is postposed.

Usually the definite should be placed before the central word, but there are many sentences in the literary sentence that place the definite after the central word. For example: "The worm has no claws and teeth, the muscles and bones are strong, eat the soil, drink the yellow spring, and use the heart."

Among them, "profit" and "strong" are postpositional prepositions. There are several situations in which the definite sentence in the literary language is posted.

1) Use "of" to postpend the definite. For example: "How many people are there in the four seas?" ”

2) Use the posterior of "者". For example: "Those who are thousands of miles away from horses will eat or eat a stone."

3.Adverbial postpposition.

In classical Chinese, prepositional structures are often placed after sentences as complements. For example: "The poor speak to the rich" and "To the rich" are prepositional phrases that are placed after the sentence as complements.

4.Subject-verb inversion.

This is rare, often to express a strong exclamation. For example: "Worse, you are not favored." "Beautiful, I am a young China".

Exercise] to determine the sentence structure in the following sentences.

To protect the people and the king, Mo Zhi can also be the king.

The king is no different from the love of the people.

What is the virtue, can be the king?

How can I know what I can do?

What's more, the black yarn is horizontal, and the soap is vulgar!

Desire to shrine Wei Suzhou, Bai Lotian Zhugong in it.

Therefore whoever is a fool is not a fool.

Whoever cannot teach his children does not want to be condemned to their sins.

Classical Chinese inverted sentences include:

1. Subject-verb inverted sentences, examples, even more, you are not favored.

2. The object preposition sentence, example, has not been heard of since ancient times and today; Pei Gong'an in; What a sin; Meritocracy.

3. Postposition sentence of the definite sentence, for example: the sonorous sound of the stone; Worms have no advantage from claws; Those who are gentlemen and can not easily achieve their will; Asking for someone can make a person report to Qin.

4. Adverbial postposition sentence, example, green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Tell the story.

The above are the basic types of inverted sentences in classical Chinese.

For example, Su Shi's "The Story of Shizhong Mountain": "The ancients did not deceive!" The "yu" and "bully" here are pre-placed objects, and the correct word order is "the ancients did not bully the yu!"

For example, Tao Yuanming's "Words for Returning": "Lefu's destiny is doubtful!" In this sentence, "Xi" and "Doubt" are preposed objects, and the correct word order can be "Lefu Heavenly Destiny Doubts Xi!" ”

For example, the sentence in Liu Yuxi's "Burrow" "What an ugly one!" Here is to mention the "of" before the "have", which can increase the tone of the article.

The four major sentence patterns in classical Chinese are: judgment sentences, passive sentences, inverted sentences, and omitted sentences. One of the more difficult to understand is the inverted sentence.

The conventional word order of modern Chinese habits is generally "subject, predicate, object" and "definite (form)-central word", that is, the subject precedes the predicate, the predicate precedes the object, and the modifier precedes the central language. However, sometimes the word order changes due to the needs of rhetoric, emphasis, etc.

1. Example sentences of inverted sentences in classical Chinese:

1) The plan is undecided, and those who ask for someone to report to Qin have not been obtained. (2) The young people in the village do good deeds, domesticate a worm. (The young man who did good deeds in the village) 3) led the children and grandchildren to bear the burden of the three husbands.

Then the three husbands of the children and grandchildren of the burden-bearers) 2. There are four main types of inverted sentences in classical Chinese:

1. Subject-verb inversion. In an exclamatory or interrogative sentence, place it at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the predicate to strengthen the exclamation or interrogative tone.

2) The object is preceded by a branch guess. In negative sentences, the object is usually preceded when the pronoun acts as the object, the interrogative pronoun acts as the object of the verb or preposition, and the word "zhi" or "is" is used as the sign of the object.

3) Postposition of the definite sentence. In ancient Chinese, in order to highlight the modifier, the definite was placed after the central word. Waiter.

4) The prepositional structure is posterior.