What is the difference between the state of motion of electrons and the state of motion in space

The state of motion of electrons includes the state of space motion and spin.

For example: c nucleus.

There are 6 states of motion of electrons outside the nucleus and 4 states of space motion of electrons outside the nucleus. The state of motion of electrons is the number of electrons. The state of space motion of electrons is the number of orbitals.

The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus. It is made up of the electron shell, the atomic orbital, in which the electron is located.

It is determined by four aspects: the shape of the atomic orbital, the direction of extension of the atomic orbital, and the spin of the electron. The number of states of motion of electrons outside the nucleus is the atomic number.

For example, potassium with atomic number 19 has 19 different states of motion in the outer electrons of the nucleus.

Does the landlord have high school? Have you studied quantum theory? You can understand ...... only when you learn itThis question is about Bohr's theory, atomic energy levels.

First of all, we need to know that the smallest unit of energy is quantum, and it is indivisible.

And for the extranuclear electrons of a particular kind of atom:

Because the atom is composed of energy levels, the energy of any electron is certain and can only be a number of fixed values, energy mainly refers to kinetic energy, kinetic energy is certain, then the velocity is certain, that is, it can only be v1, v2, v3, v4....Because other velocities [e.g., there is no v, such that v1 is for space-moving electrons:

There is no limit to the speed, it can be any number between 0 and the speed of light.

1. The meaning is different

Space motion of electrons: The space motion state of electrons refers to the number of orbitals. Motion state: The motion state of an electron refers to the number of electrons.

2. The content is different

The state of space motion of electrons: determined by the atomic number.

The state of motion: It is determined by the electron shell in which the electron is located, the shape of the atomic orbital, the direction of extension of the atomic orbital, the spin of the electron, etc.

3. Different categories

The spatial motion state of electrons: It is a type of motion state.

Motion state rapid mode return: The motion state includes the space motion state and spin.

4. The quantity varies

Space motion states of electrons: There are four types of space motion states of electrons outside the nucleus.

Kinematic states: There are 6 types of kinematic states of electrons outside the nucleus.

5. The status is different

The space motion of electrons: It is the state of space motion of electrons outside the nucleus of an atom as an atomic orbital.

Motion state: There can be up to two electrons with different spin directions under the same atomic code band orbital, and the motion state is different due to different spin directions.

The motion state of the electron is including the space motion state and the spin

For example, there are 6 states of motion of electrons outside the nucleus of c and 4 states of space motion of electrons outside the nucleus, the motion state of electrons is the number of electrons, and the space motion state of electrons is the number of orbitals.

The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus. It is determined by the electron shell where the electron is located, the shape of the atomic orbital, the extension direction of the atomic orbital, and the spin of the electron, and the number of motion states of the electrons outside the nucleus is the atomic number, such as the outer electrons of the potassium nucleus with atomic number 19 have 19 different states of motion.

The state of spatial motion is

This concept was introduced in the context of the introduction of electronic knowledge, which belongs to advanced physics knowledge. Electrons belong to microscopic particles, which cannot be seen or caught by the naked eye, and the movement of electrons cannot be explained by the laws of macroscopic object motion, but can only be described by statistical methods.

Tiaz will appear in a certain range of space, the area with a large frequency is called the range of motion, that is, the motion space, people call this motion space image as the electron cloud, when the electrons are in this space, it is called the space motion state.

The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus and the state of space motion are the states of motion of electrons outside the nucleusNucleusThere are several electrons outside and there are several states of motion. The state of space motion does not include the spin state of electrons, that is, the state of space motion of electrons refers toAtomic orbitalsThere are several. The concept of the state of motion in space was introduced in the context of the introduction of electronic knowledge, which belongs to the advanced knowledge of physics.

Introduction to the state of exercise

The state of motion refers to the mechanical movement of an object.

relative to a frame of reference.

status. There are stationary, uniform motion, acceleration motion, deceleration motion, linear motion, and curved motion.

and other states. Physically, the velocity of an object changes when it goes from fast to slow, from slow to fast, or from rest to motion.

When the object turns to the left and turns upwards the direction of motion of the object changes, we say that the state of motion of the object changes. The relationship between the state of motion and the force, the force is the cause of changing the state of motion of the object, and the force is not the cause of maintaining the motion of the object. Force can change the state of movement of an object.

For example, if you push a box hard, the thrust will cause the box to be displaced, and the thrust will change the motion state of the box. Car brake deceleration, friction.

If the car is slowed down, then the friction force changes the motion state of the carNote that the force can only change the motion state of the object, and it is not necessarily changed as long as the object is affected by the force.

1.The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus and the state of motion in space:

The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus refers to the state in which electrons are moving forward in orbits around the nucleus. According to the theory of quantum mechanics, electrons do not move in continuous orbits, but exist in a series of discrete energy levels. These energy levels are known as electronic shells or electron energy levels.

The state of motion in space refers to the physical quantities that describe the position and velocity of electrons. According to the principles of quantum mechanics, we cannot know precisely the position and velocity of electrons at the same time, we can only describe the possible position of electrons by a set of probability distribution functions. These probability distribution functions are known as wave functions.

Bu digging land. 2.Application of knowledge points:

The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus and the state of motion in space are crucial for understanding atomic structure and chemical properties. They help us explain the arrangement of the periodic table, the formation of chemical bonds, spectral phenomena, etc.

By studying the state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus and the state of space motion, we can learn about the chemical reaction properties of atoms, such as ionization energy, electrophilicity, reducibility, etc. In addition, understanding the spatial motion state of electrons helps us to understand the theory of molecular orbitals and the nature of chemical bonds, so as to better explain the electronic structure and reaction mechanism of molecules.

3.Explanation of knowledge points and example questions:

Example: An electron moves in an atomic orbital with energy level n=2, and the probability distribution of electrons in that orbital is found.

Analysis: According to the principles of quantum mechanics, we can use the wave function to describe the state of motion in space of electrons. For atomic orbitals with energy level n=2, according to the wave function expression of the hydrogen atom, the probability distribution function of the electron can be obtained as 1 16 a )exp(-r a ) y( where a is the Bohr radius, r is the distance from the nucleus, and y( , is the spherical harmonic function.

By calculating the square of the wave function, we can get the probability density of electrons at different positions. We can then plot the orbital shape, showing the region with the highest probability density of electrons within that orbital.

This example shows how to use the wave function to describe the spatial motion of electrons outside the nucleus, and calculate the probability density to describe the spatial distribution of electrons.

The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus and the state of motion in space are important concepts in atomic physics. In an atom, electrons revolve around the nucleus while moving in the outer space of the atom.

1.State of motion of electrons outside the nucleus:

There are two main states of motion of electrons outside the nucleus: stationary state and excited state.

a.Stationary state: When an electron is in the ground state (or lowest energy level) of an atom, it has a definite energy level and a specific orbital angular momentum. In this case, the electrons do not undergo the process of radiating or absorbing the energy forward energy.

b.Excited state: When an electron transitions from the ground state of an atom to a higher energy level, it enters the excited state.

In the excited state, the electrons have a higher energy level and different orbital angular momentum. When an electron returns from the excited state to the ground state, radiation phenomena like photon emission occur.

2.Spatial Motion Status:

The state of space motion of electrons outside the nucleus is mainly reflected in their quantum mechanical wave function outside the atom. According to Pauli's principle of incompatibility, each electron has a spin quantum number (s=1 2 1 2) that definitely repents, so their state of motion in space can be expressed as four components (x, y, z). Together, these components form the wave function of the electron, which describes the distribution of electrons in space.

To summarize, the states of motion of electrons outside the nucleus include stationary and excited states, which correspond to specific energy levels and orbital angular momentum, respectively; The state of motion in space is reflected in the electron wave function, which describes the distribution of electrons in space.

1.The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus refers to the state in which electrons move along their orbits in the outer orbit of an atom.

2.The state of space motion refers to the probability distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals, i.e., the possible positions of electrons in different orbitals.

Application of knowledge points:

1.The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus and the state of motion in space can be used to explain the chemical properties of atoms. The state of motion of electrons in the outer orbit determines the chemical reaction properties of the atom and the formation of chemical bonds, while the distribution of electrons in the orbit determines the physical properties of the atom, such as the size of the atom, ionization energy, electron affinity energy, etc.

2.Studying the state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus and the state of motion in space can help us understand the spectroscopic phenomena of atoms. The transition of electrons at different energy levels induces light radiation at a specific frequency, resulting in spectral lines.

By studying the spectrum, it is possible to deduce the energy level structure of the atom and the transition law of the electron.

Explanation of knowledge points and example questions:

Suppose that the electrons of a hydrogen atom are in the ground state, and find the state of motion of the electron and the state of motion in space.

Answer analysis:1State of motion: The ground state of a hydrogen atom refers to the electron being located at the lowest energy level, i.e., the 1s orbital. Therefore, the state of motion of this electron is a circular motion along the 1s orbital.

2.Space motion state: The hydrogen atom 1s orbital is a spherically symmetrical orbit of Yinyouchong, and the probability distribution of electrons in this orbit is spherical.

The highest probability density of electrons in orbit is near the nucleus, and gradually decreases as the distance increases.

In summary, the motion state of the ground state electrons of the hydrogen atom is a circular motion along the 1s orbital, while the space motion state is a spherical probability distribution.

The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus can be described by the wave function in quantum mechanics, which contains the probability distribution of electrons at different positions and momentum. Electrons do not move in a definite orbit in an atom like a planet orbiting the sun, but in a state of a probabilistic cloud.

Under the description of the wave function, the state of spatial motion of an electron is represented by its probability distribution in an atomic orbital. This probability distribution describes the probability of electrons appearing at different locations. In general, we use the shape of atomic orbitals to characterize the distribution of electrons in space, for example, the s orbital is spherically symmetrical, and the p orbital has a bilobe morphology in 3 directions.

The momentum state of the electron is also described by the wave function, which involves the wave nature of the electron. There is a correlation between momentum and the number of waves of the wave function, i.e., the reciprocal of the wavelength. The more local the wave function, the more certain the momentum of the electron; The broader the wave function, the more uncertain the momentum of the electrons.

In atoms, the state of motion of electrons is determined by the Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics. The sensitive-cracking Schrödinger equation describes the evolution of the wave function of an electron over time, thus revealing the behavior of the electron in an atom. The result of this description gives a series of energy levels corresponding to different electron states such as 1s, 2s, 2p, etc.

Each bridge can accommodate a certain number of electrons at a closed energy level, which conforms to some rules of electron arrangement, such as Pauli's incompatibility principle and Hunt's rule.

The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus can be described by wave models and particle models.

According to the wave model, electrons outside the nucleus exist in the form of waves, and their state of motion can be described by the wave function. The wave function is a mathematical function that describes the probability distribution of electrons in space. The square value of the wave function gives the probability of electrons appearing at different positions.

By solving the Schrödinger equation, it is possible to obtain information about the electron wave function and energy.

According to the particle model, electrons outside the nucleus are considered as particles with mass and charge. In an atom, electrons move around the nucleus to form an electron orbital. The electron orbital is the region where the electron may be present but does not indicate the exact path of the electron.

According to the principles of quantum mechanics, the motion of electrons is not continuous, but discrete. The energy of an electron is quantized and can only exist at a specific energy level. Each electron orbital corresponds to an energy level, and these energy levels are arranged in a certain order from low to high.

In conclusion, the state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus can be described by the wave function of the wave model and the orbit of the particle model. Unlike the particle model, the wave model gives the probability that electrons are present at different locations. Together, these morphotypes form the descriptive framework of quantum mechanics for explaining and ** the properties of atoms and molecules.