Knowledge points of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons, speed!

The slowest hydrolysis reaction rate of halogenated hydrocarbons is: (CH3)2CHCl.

Haloesters are hydrolyzed in a strong alkali solution, and both carbon halide bond hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis occur. (It should be noted that the carboxylic acid produced will react with a strong base to form carboxylates).

For example: brch2cooch2ch3+2naoh – hoch2-coona + ch3ch2oh + nabr (heating).

When halogenated hydrocarbons are hydrolyzed in a strong alkali solution, only the breakage of carbon-halogen bonds occurs. Hydrolysis reaction: The reaction of a compound and water to produce two or more substances A substance that can undergo a hydrolysis reaction

Halogenated hydrocarbons (heating of strong alkaline aqueous solution), esters (heating of strong alkali solution or heating of dilute sulfuric acid), oil, disaccharide, polysaccharide (sugar hydrolysis condition is dilute sulfuric acid heating), protein (acid, base or enzyme), etc.

Note:

The hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which water molecules attack the partially positively charged carbon atoms of the halogenated hydrocarbons, and then undergo the Walden transformation to eliminate the halogen atoms and then the hydrogen atoms. The condition of hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons is weak alkaline, and the alkaline substances can improve the conversion rate of the hydrolysis reaction, and can react with the acid generated by the hydrolysis reaction, so as to reduce the concentration of the product so that the reaction can be carried out positively, and the conversion rate of the disturbing wild hydrolysis reaction can be improved.

Essentially, hydrolysis reactions are substitution reactions. (Substitution reactions include Li mill: halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrolysis of esters, esterification reactions, etc.; Liquid shouting reaction mechanism:

When halogenated hydrocarbons are hydrolyzed, the CX bond is broken, when ethyl acetate is hydrolyzed, the CO bond in COO is broken, and when proteolyzed, the peptide bond is broken.

The second and fourth you draw are the same! Ignore the fourth, the fifth counts as the fourth!!

The direction and rate of the elimination reaction are determined by the stability of the possible "product" (the more non-hydrogen groups in the double bond, the faster the elimination, the more products in that direction) or the stability of the transition state (the more stable the transition state, the faster the reaction). Among them, the dissipation rate of halogen atoms attached to tertiary, secondary and tertiary carbon decreases sequentially.

The structure you give, the first and fourth chlorine atoms are connected to the primary carbon, and the second and third are connected to the secondary carbon, both of which are SN2 elimination reactions (primary), because the first and third products have more groups linked by double bonds, and the reaction is more likely to occur!

All things considered, the rate from high to low is: 3>2>1>4

That's it.,If you're not satisfied, fill in your questions.,Or say the source of the information based on your own judgment and then discuss.,Thank you for your cooperation!!

This is related to the covalent bond between them.

It's not very clear that I can't help you.

What you are comparing here is that the order of activity that is substituted is actually the order of departure of the individual halogen atoms in RI, RBR, RCL, RF. This order is RI>rbr>rcl>RF.

The factor influencing this sequence is the bond energy at the time of the r-x bond break, not the polarity of the bond. Among these four substances, the bond energy: c-f>c-cl>c-br>c-i, the lower the bond energy, the easier it is to break; In addition, there is the alkalinity of the departing group:

F->Cl->Br- >I-, while the weaker the alkalinity, the more stable the negative ions formed (the weaker the alkalinity, the easier it is to disperse the negative charge, and the more stable it is).

In summary, the order of this reaction is Ri>rbr>rCl>RF.

Also, the polarity of the bond is not a criterion for judging the difficulty of bond breakage, but depends on the bond energy. Moreover, bonds that are usually more polar tend to bond more tightly and have high bond energy. FYI.

b>c>a

Halogenated hydrocarbons react with silver nitrate with SN1.

Benzyl-type halogenated hydrocarbons are most susceptible to SN1 reaction.

When the benzene ring is directly connected to a halogen, the carbon halide bond has a double bond property and is not easy to break due to the p- conjugation, so it is the most difficult to react.

Carbocation is stable and has a large benzyl type.

The correct statement is this: in the hydrocarbon group.

The same halogenated hydrocarbons.

, iodide has the highest boiling point, and fluorohydrocarbons have the lowest boiling point. There is no doubt about it. For example:

ch3f ch3cl ch3br ch3i boiling point.

In the landlord's sentence, the implication may be that fluorohydrocarbons are not discussed, because fluorocarbons do not have the general properties of halogenated hydrocarbons.

Alcohols and halogenated hydrocarbons do not react at all.

Is it that you want to write this.

Catalyzed by ethanol, ethyl bromide undergoes a deactivation reaction with NaOH.

ch3ch2br+naoh=ch2ch2 +nabr+h2oIf you approve of mine, please choose as a satisfactory answer, thank you!

Summary. Simple halogenated hydrocarbons, such as chloromethane, dichloromethane, etc., are mostly prepared by the direct substitution reaction of alkanes under high temperature or light conditions. Halogenated hydrocarbons with complex structures are mostly prepared from the corresponding alcohols or unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The method of obtaining halogenated hydrocarbons unsaturated hydrocarbons is substituted.

Simple halogenated hydrocarbons, such as chloromethane, dichloromethane, etc., are mostly prepared by the direct substitution reaction of alkanes under high temperature or light conditions. Halogenated hydrocarbons with complex structures are mostly prepared from the corresponding alcohols or unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The substitution reaction is expressed by the general formula: R L (reaction matrix) + A-B (attack reagent) R A (substitute product) + L-b (leaving group) belongs to a class of chemical reactions.

Dear, have your doubts been solved<>

Summary. After the hydrogen halide is eliminated first, it is OK to catalytically hydrogenate, and if you are afraid of rearrangement, you can use alumina as a catalyst.

The method of obtaining halogenated hydrocarbons unsaturated hydrocarbons is substituted.

After the hydrogen halide is eliminated first, it is OK to catalytically hydrogenate, and if you are afraid of rearrangement, you can use alumina as a catalyst.

Can you write it out?

Please describe your question more specifically, you can talk about it in detail, so that we can better help you.

Halogenated hydrocarbons are compounds formed when hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon molecules are replaced by halogen atoms. The general formula can be expressed as r-x (where the base is denoted ). Functional groups are halogen atoms.

2) Properties of saturated halogenated hydrocarbons Physical properties aBoiling point: higher than the boiling point of alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms; b.

Solubility: insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents: c

Density: Generally, monofluorinated hydrocarbons and monochlorinated hydrocarbons are smaller than water, and the rest are larger than water. Chemical properties a

Hydrolysis reaction: R-X+NaOH ·R-0H+NaX (R-representative group); r-chx-ch2x+2nohr-ch(oh)-choh+2nax b.De-reaction:

Under certain conditions, organic compounds remove one or several small molecules (such as HO, HBR, etc.) from a molecule to form a compound containing unsaturated bonds (such as double or triple bonds). r-ch-chz-x+ naoh drunk r-ch-chz+ nax+ h2o or r-chz-ch-x strong alkali, drunk r-ch-ch: +hx; CHZ-CH2NaOH alcohol CH=+X+2HO

xx(3) Acquisition method of halogenated hydrocarbons Addition reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons with halogen element, hydrogen halide, etc., such as chchch+brchchbrch, br; ch-ch-ch+hbr-catalyst ch-ch-ch;; BRCH = CHC catalyst CHZ-CHCI. Substitution reactions.

**For substitution reactions.

1. Hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbon rocks Plum trace CH3CH2Cl + NaOH CH3CH2OH + NaCl

3 will not (Reference: RCHO+BR2 RCHBR-OBR) 4RC=CR'+br2→rcbr-cr'br (triple bond similar), rc=cr'+kmno4+h2so4→mnso4+rcooh+r‘cooh+k2sO4 (not coarse and trimmed).