Describe how animals recognize odor molecules5

As the most successful group on Earth, insects have successfully evolved a delicate chemosensory system through which they adapt to a variety of complex environments and maintain the prosperity of the population. Since the discovery of the olfactory receptor gene in animals in 1991, progress has been rapid in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the peripheral nervous system in which insects perceive chemical information.

The molecular and cellular mechanisms of sensory chemical information in the nervous system of insect periphery are reviewed. Firstly, the research progress of the cellular mechanism of odor perception in insects is briefly introduced. Insect olfactory neurons play an extremely important role in the process of sensing chemical information, and the olfactory receptors expressed on insect olfactory neurons perform different functions.

The perception spectrum of chemical information is quite different among various olfactory neurons. Olfactory neurons respond to electrophysiological characteristics such as chemical information type, concentration, and flow dynamics. Studies have shown that the same neurogen can sense multiple chemical messages, and one chemical message can be sensed by multiple neurons.

The combination of features formed by neurogens' perception of chemical information is the coding of sensory chemical information. Secondly, the research progress of some proteins related to odor-sensing molecules in insects is discussed in detail. Odor molecule-binding proteins are a class of small, water-soluble proteins that are mainly located in the lymph fluid surrounding the caroreceptor neurogenic dendrites.

The main structural feature is that it has 6 conserved hemiphototophanic acids and a binding cavity composed of 6 helices. Since its discovery in 1981, hundreds of species have been found in more than 40 species of insects.

Due to the continuous progress of research methods, a large number of studies have been carried out on the expression characteristics, binding characteristics, three-dimensional structure and binding sites of this type of protein, and a number of possible functional hypotheses have been proposed.

These olfactory receptors on the dendritic membrane are another important protein in the process of sensing odors in insects. At present, hundreds of olfactory receptor protein genes have been found in more than 10 insect species, such as fruit flies, Anopheles mosquitoes, bees and silkworms. This type of protein is a transmembrane protein, which generally has 7 transmembrane regions, and the amino acid residues of the whole protein are 400 600.

The N-terminus of the olfactory receptor protein of insects is intracellular, while the C-terminus is extracellular, unlike the G-coupled protein. Moreover, an olfactory neuron in an insect can express 1 3 olfactory receptor proteins, which is also different from a single neuron in mammals that expresses only one receptor protein.

Each olfactory receptor can sense multiple odor molecules, and one odor molecule can be perceived by multiple olfactory receptors, thus forming a coded spectrum for sensing chemical information.

Animals are among a group, and they generally put their bodies with their urine according to whether they are enemies or not.

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Vertebrate olfactory receptors are typically located in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity consisting of Sertolia, olfactory cells, and basal cells. In the olfactory epithelium, the axons of olfactory cells form the olfactory nerve. The olfactory tract is bulbous and located below the frontal lobes of each cerebral hemisphere; The olfactory nerve enters the olfactory bulb.

The olfactory bulb and telencephalon are the olfactory centers.

In insects, they have olfactory hairs on their antennae. External odor molecules come into contact with olfactory receptors and trigger a series of enzyme cascades to achieve conduction.

In addition, interesting stories about animal smell can be found at the link below.

Take mosquitoes, for example: there are three main ways in which mosquitoes determine their location. One is that the breath exhaled by humans or mammals when they breathe contains a large amount of carbon dioxide, and mosquitoes can accurately locate humans or mammals based on this smell.

The second is to sense the body temperature of a human or mammal. The third is to smell the smell of people or animals. Of these three points, it is particularly important to determine the location by carbon dioxide, which has been verified with dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).

This is not only true of mosquitoes, but also of blood-sucking insects, which are sensitive to carbon dioxide and can follow smell to find prey.

Animals mostly have a keen sense of smell.