How to control sporozoa and how to treat sporozoi

Sporosomiasis, also known as "microparticle disease", is a common digestive infection of bees. It occurs more commonly in some countries in Europe and the United States, and also occurs in some areas of China regardless of the degree, and the bee colony in Northeast China overwinters for a long time, and the incidence is more common and serious.

Methods of control of sporidiosis:

1. Strengthen feeding management.

Bee colonies need high-quality feed for wintering, and overwintering honey cannot contain manna honey; The overwintering room temperature of the northern bee colony should be 2-4, and it has dry and ventilated environmental conditions. 39 Apitherapy.com reminds you that you should replace the queen bee in the sick bee colony in early spring.

2 Strict disinfection.

Beekeeping equipment, beehives and hives should be thoroughly disinfected after the display of bee colonies in spring. The beehive and nest frame can be cleaned with 2-3 sodium hydroxide solution, and can also be burned with a flameblowtorch; The nest spleen can be disinfected with 4 formaldehyde solution or glacial acetic acid.

3 Drug prevention and control.

1) Drug prevention: according to the characteristics of sporozoa inhibited in acidic solution, choose citric acid, rice vinegar, hawthorn water, respectively, to make acidic syrup, the concentration is 1 kg of syrup with 1 gram of citric acid, 50 ml of rice vinegar, 50 ml of hawthorn water, combined with the reward feeding of the bee colony in early spring, choose one of them to feed the bees.

2) Drug**: It has been reported abroad that fumatoxillin has a good effect on sporidiosis. Since there is no such drug in China, scientific and technological personnel have screened out the bee health powder from the existing drugs in China, and the use concentration is o 2.

Dissolve 1 package of medicinal powder in 500 ml of syrup, spray and feed the bee colony in the evening, 1 time every other day, 3 times for a course of treatment, which can prevent and control 2-4 groups (10 box groups). A second course of treatment can be performed at an interval of 10-15 days**.

Contamination of water and food by oocysts of sick and sick animals is the main way of transmission of cryptosporidiosis in the population, so strengthening the management of human and animal feces and paying attention to personal and dietary hygiene are the basic measures to prevent the epidemic of the disease. For immunocompromised people, especially AIDS patients, to strengthen protection, in addition to strengthening immune function, advocate drinking boiled water (heating 65 70, 30 minutes can kill oocysts) is an important measure to prevent infection. Drinking milk should also be thoroughly sterilized.

At present, there is no ideal effective drug for the disease. The domestic trial of allicin** has a certain curative effect. It has been reported that the number of oocysts eliminated after 2 weeks of oral paromomycin has been reported, but the long-term efficacy is still uncertain.

At present, there is no specific drug for this disease, and most antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs are ineffective for this disease, and only spiramycin and allicin have certain curative effects.

For calves, colostrum should be fed in a timely manner, which is especially important to improve the immunity of calves and is the simplest and most effective way to prevent calf diarrhea. At the same time, farms can't just use low-quality milk replacers in pursuit of cost reduction. Otherwise, it is easy to cause a bad situation that once the disease occurs, it will become a wholesale disease, which will have a far-reaching impact on cattle breeding.

Sporozoides are a large class of pathogenic protozoa, there are many kinds, there are a lot of fish disease sporozoi, mesentery, gills, brain, spinal cord, internal organs can be parasitic, iodine bubble is the main disease organism of carp, generally to prevent and control, fish infection is too late.

Prevention and control methods: 1. Thoroughly clear the pond with quicklime, etc., which can inhibit the mass reproduction of spores and reduce the occurrence of this disease;

2. Before stocking the fingerlings, put 500 grams of potassium permanganate with 1 cubic meter of water, stir to fully dissolve them, into a solution of 500 milliliters of concentration, soak the fingerlings for 30 minutes, or put 500 grams of lime nitrogen with 1 cubic meter of water, fully stir into a suspension, and soak the fingerlings for 30 minutes.

Myxosporidiosis**.

The disease is caused by myxosporidium parasitizing the fish**, gills, intestines and nervous system. The parts of fish disease have cysts, which are gray-white punctate and nodules, and the common myxosporidium are iodospora cake-shaped, sulfonosporium carp, iodospora crucian, and iodospora carp. Symptoms:

Diseased fish are emaciated, blackened, solitary or restless and swim wildly, and are extremely harmful to fish species from October to February. **Method The fish pond with a water depth of 1 catty of trichlorfon per mu is sprinkled with 1 catty of the whole pond, with an interval of 3 days and 4 days, and then splashed again.

2. For every 10,000 fingerlings or 100 catties of fish, feed with 75 grams of edible sulfur powder mixture for one week. 3. Add 10 grams of 90 crystal trichlorfon per catty of feed to feed fish, which can treat intestinal parasitic myxosporidium. This rule of law is also effective for ringworm disease.

There are many species of sporozoans, it is said that there are tens of thousands of species, and the most abundant species are myxosporidium. The sporozoites are all parasitic and most of them are fish-hosted.

Sporangiosis is caused by myxosporidium parasitism on the gills and body surface of fish, growing white acne-like sporangia, piling up into a nodulous shape, clustered or lined with gills or fish body, and the sporangia parasitic parts will produce congestion, purple-red or ulcerated.

In some severe cases, the entire gills are covered with sporangia, which prevent the gill cover from closing properly, and if you peel off the scales, you will find that the sporangia can be seen under the scales. Fish that suffer from this disease will die of weakness, difficulty breathing, and eventually lack of oxygen.

Most of the time, the sporangia on the fish body are large, and the naked eye can make a preliminary judgment, and if you want to further confirm which type of sporozoides are causing it, you need to use a microscope to observe. Sometimes the sporangiosis cysts are very small, and the larger ones appear on the body surface and fins, such as milky white cysts the size of corn, or parasitic in the muscles, causing the fish to have uneven body surface, or nodulous protrusions, or parasitic in muscle fibers, intracranium, and spine, the latter is more difficult to determine, and can be judged in combination with whether the fish swims abnormally in the water and whether it is emaciated.

Prevention and control of sporidiosis.

For adult fish farming, it is very difficult to have spores, mainly because of the chitin shell of the cysts formed by the spores, and the general drugs can not penetrate into the cysts and work, and the most drug programs are actually to prevent the development of spores infected with the fish body to mature spores, reduce or control the number of diseased fish spores and cysts, reduce mortality, and cannot completely kill the sporidiums and cysts. Therefore, sporidiosis needs to be detected early and treated as soon as possible in order to have a certain curative effect, and the sporidiosporis are divided into endospores and exospores, and it is relatively easy for exosporidium**, and the best way for endosporidioidium** is to take it internally.

External use: experienced farmers use conventional external insecticides such as copper naphthenate, avermectin, pyrethrins, trichlorfon, etc., internal administration: chlorbenidine hydrochloride, levamisole hydrochloride, diccozulide, etc., the effect is usually direct and significant, but the fish body itself is also obvious, the liver of the fish will be damaged to varying degrees.

Therefore, it is recommended to use natural and safe Maospora for effective prevention and deworming, in severe cases, it can be taken internally and externally, and povidone-iodine can be added to increase the effect when splashing products, once or twice, if used twice, every two times are used 3 days apart.

1.Support **isolation according to intestinal infectious diseases, severe symptoms should be hospitalized**, mild symptoms can be taken oral rehydration. Patients with severe diarrhea can cause electrolyte balance disturbances, which must be corrected.

Immunocompromised individuals should be given enhanced support**. Avoiding foods that contain a lot of fat and lactose during an attack can help relieve symptoms. Patients with malnutrition and hypoproteinemia should also be treated symptomatically**.

2.Pathogen** So far, there is no anti-cryptosporidium drug with definite efficacy, and the drugs that are considered to have a certain effect are spiramycin, clindamycin, azithromycin, allicin, etc. 3.

Immunity**In immunocompromised Cryptosporidium patients, rebuilding immune function as much as possible is the key to success.

Myxosporidium can cause ** disease, gill disease, intestinal disease and visceral disease, forming a pale yellow and inconspicuous cyst on **, and the fish body is emaciated and black; grayish-white punctate or tumorous cysts form on the gills, and dyspnea; There are cysts on the intestinal mucosal tissue, which even pass through the intestinal wall; The gallbladder is enlarged, the color of bile becomes yellowish or colorless, and bile overflows, contaminating the liver and intestines. Generally, the species parasitic on the gills and intestines are more harmful.

The main prevention and control method is to use quicklime to completely clean the pond. Pay attention to water pollution and disinfection of the environment and production tools. Dead fish are fished out in time and buried away from the breeding site.

【Pathogen】There are 3 genera and 4 species of sporozoa parasitic on shrimp reported in foreign literature.

Symptoms] is mainly infected with the transverse and longitudinal muscles, making the muscles white and turbid, opaque, and losing elasticity, so this disease is also called milky white disease or cotton shrimp.

Prevention and control methods] There is no effective method for this disease, and the main thing is to strengthen prevention. Shrimp ponds should be thoroughly desilted and disinfected before stocking. When infected or dead shrimp are found during the breeding process, they are immediately removed and destroyed to prevent the spores of microsporidia from being swallowed by healthy shrimp or spoiled in the water, expanding the spread, and then infecting healthy shrimp.