What criteria should be used to evaluate the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Westernization M

The evaluation criteria of history textbooks (the version I used to use when I was in school) are based on the role of promoting historical progress, but I personally think that it is better to evaluate the historical events of the time according to the concept of right and wrong. For example, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom indiscriminately killed innocents, but it was not mentioned in the textbooks, because this issue involved right and wrong, but it did not affect the course of history.

Differences:1Leadership Class: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was a peasant class. The Westernization movement was the landlord class. The Wuxu Reform and the Xinhai Revolution were the national bourgeoisie.

2.The purpose was different: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Xinhai Revolution were anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, overthrowing the Qing court. Both the Westernization Movement and the Wuxu Reform were reformist movements that maintained the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

3.Nature: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was a peasant uprising. The Westernization Movement was the landlord's self-help. The Pentecostal Reform is a bourgeois reform. The Xinhai Revolution was a bourgeois revolution.

4.Approach: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Xinhai Revolution were violent revolutions from below. The Westernization Movement and the Pentecostal Reform were top-down improvements.

Similarities Historical background: They all happened when world capitalism entered the stage of imperialism, the Qing Dynasty was extremely corrupt, and China was facing a serious national crisis.

Purpose: To change the status quo, save the world, and develop capitalism.

The leading class and its characteristics: all of them are led by the bourgeoisie, and they all have both anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary demands and weak compromises with the imperialist feudal forces.

The final result and its causes: None of them could change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the fundamental reason was the limitations of the bourgeoisie itself and its detachment from the broad masses of the people.

There seems to be no common ground in the way, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was initiated by the peasant class, and the new chapter of the capital administration proposed provided a plan for the development of capitalism, which was the prelude to the democratic revolution in China. The Westernization Movement was initiated by the landlord class, and its purpose was to seek prosperity through self-improvement, but it was not anti-imperialist or anti-feudal, and it was a reform movement with a bourgeois nature, and it did not break with the feudal forces. So there is no common ground in the pathway.

The Westernization Movement was the first batch of modern enterprises in China, which accumulated experience and cultivated talents, which played a role in promoting the emergence and development of China's nationalism and opened up the way for modern history

The Wuxu Reform Law was a bourgeois reform movement in Chinese history, which was in line with the trend of China's historical development at that time and had great progressive significance. It was also a patriotic political activity, which stimulated the people's patriotic thinking and national consciousness at that time and played an important role.

Joint effect: to make China move towards modernization and national independence. To a certain extent, it struck at the feudal forces of the country, and at the same time dealt a blow to the aggression of foreign imperialism.

The Westernization Movement was the beginning of modernization and opened the way for China's modernization.

The Wuxu Reform Law played the role of ideological enlightenment and created conditions for the emergence and dissemination of bourgeois ideology in China.

Connection: It can be said that the Westernization Movement has promoted the development of this doctrine in China to a certain extent.

Answer]: A This question examines the comparison of the Taiping Rebellion, the Westernization Movement, and the Wuxu Restoration Movement. The Taiping Rebellion, the Westernization Movement, and the Wuxu Restoration Movement have the following points in common

It all happened under the banner of patriotism of saving the country and revitalizing China; It all failed. The differences are manifested in the fact that the leadership forces (classes) are different, the occurrence and duration are different, and the proposition is not inclusive.

As far as the leading class is concerned, the Taiping Rebellion was led by the peasant class, the Westernization Movement was led by the Westernists of the feudal landlord class, and the Wuxu Restoration Movement was led by the bourgeois reformers. In terms of its occurrence and duration, the Taiping Rebellion occurred and lasted from 1851 to 1864, the Westernization Movement from 1860 to 1895, and the Wuxu Restoration Movement in 1898, which died after only 103 days. As far as propositions are concerned, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom advocated the establishment of an ideal society in which "there is land and ploughing, food and food, clothing and clothing, money and work, no uneven molds, and no one is left warm"; the Westernization Movement tried to "improve oneself" and "seek prosperity" without changing the feudal system, and the Wuxu Reform Movement tried to make China take the capitalist road of a constitutional monarchy through top-down reforms. Therefore, option A is correct, options B and C are the similarities between the Westernization Movement and the Wuxu Restoration Movement, and option D is the proposition of the Wuxu Restoration Movement.

Similarities:1All three movements took place against the backdrop of an unprecedented national crisis;

2.All of them involve military, economic, cultural, and educational reforms;

3.None of them achieved the desired goal, and the results were all failures;

4.All of them have played a certain role in promoting the development process of history.

5.In terms of purpose, they all advocate learning from the West, introducing advanced science and technology, and making the country rich and the army strong.

6.From the point of view of methods and steps, they all advocate the purchase and imitation of Western-style gunboats and the establishment of a new navy;

7.The defeat of the Opium War led to the defeat of the resistance faction's ideas, and the destruction of the Beiyang Fleet in the First Sino-Japanese War marked the low ebb of the Westernization Movement.

There is a fundamental difference between the two sports:

1 The time is different: the former occurred after the first industrial revolution, and the latter after the second industrial revolution.

2. The class attributes are different: the former represents the landlord class, and the latter represents the bourgeoisie.

3 From the point of view of purpose, the fundamental purpose of the Westernists and the Resistance faction was to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, while the reformists were to save the nation from peril and develop capitalism.

4. The leadership class is different: the Westernization movement is Westernist (i.e., some enlightened members of the feudal ruling class**); The Wuxu Reform Law was a bourgeois reformer.

5. The road of exploration is different: the Westernization Movement is the road of saving the country with military artifacts; I want to change the law and try to be strong through the change.

6 In terms of content, the Westernists and the Resistance faction only advocated learning the advanced science and technology of the West, while the reformists also advocated learning from the West.

The political system, the reform of the educational system, the requirement to encourage the development of national industry.

7 The nature is different: the former is a self-help reform movement implemented by the feudal landlord class in the Qing Dynasty in order to maintain its dominant position;

The latter was not only a bourgeois reform movement, but also a political movement to patriotic salvation, and also the first trend of ideological emancipation in modern China.

8 From the perspective of the root cause of the defeat, the failure of the resistance faction was due to the corruption of the Qing Dynasty, while the Westernization faction was due to its own limitations.