The history and types of Chinese painting and calligraphy, and the types of Chinese painting

Does it include calligraphy and painting?

The classification of Chinese paintings is as follows:

According to the painting skills, Chinese painting can be divided into freehand painting, splashed ink painting, gongbi painting, boneless painting, white painting and so on. According to the coloring method and different colors, it is divided into ink painting, green painting, gold painting, light silk painting, etc. According to the content of the painting, it can be divided into figure painting, landscape painting, and flower and bird painting.

According to the era, it can be divided into ancient paintings, new paintings, modern paintings, modern paintings, etc.

Characteristics of Chinese painting: One of the characteristics of Chinese painting is that it is to give up the form and the shadow, that is, to grasp the object from the inspiration of the projection. Gu An, a painter in the Yuan Dynasty, was good at painting bamboo, and said that he was inspired by the Tang Dynasty painter Xiao Yueguan who stared at the bamboo shadows on the wall.

Another characteristic of Chinese painting is that it is stylized and scattered. The images of Chinese painting are stylized, symbols corresponding to the image, not truthful descriptions. Mr. Wen Yiduo once said that Chinese painting is suggestive, and the purpose can be achieved through the understanding, such as painting bamboo from the program, the program is used, and the program is modified into its own vocabulary, which has its own characteristics.

On the one hand, the formation of the Chinese painting program is the schema of the corresponding object, and on the other hand, it is operated according to a certain program.

Another characteristic of Chinese painting is the creation of Ori - bold imagination and transformation. Ori Ming is what Shen Kuo said in the Northern Song Dynasty, that is, to boldly imagine and transform. In Qi Baishi's "Self-Weighing Chart", a little mouse jumps onto the scale hook of a scale, as if trying to weigh himself.

Traditional Chinese paintings include flower and bird paintings, folk paintings, landscape paintings, fan paintings, and figure paintings.

1. Flower and bird painting:

Flower and bird painting is mainly painted with flowers, birds, insects, etc., and the flower and bird painting is divided into three types: the painting with ink outlining the object, the more abstract freehand painting with generalization, and the flower and bird painting with both the outline and abstraction between the two are part-time work and writing, among which the part-time work and writing are the most expressive.

2. Folk paintings:

In Chinese painting, it refers to all kinds of paintings made by street artists who specialize in painting as a means of survival and cater to the general customs of the market, except for professional painters and literati painters. His works tend to be gaudy, sweet, vulgar and delicate, and his posture is different from that of professional painters and literati painters, and his paintings pay more attention to poetry, painting environment and other cultural connotations. And it is loved by civilians at the general cultural level.

3. Landscape painting

Landscape painting mainly depicts the scenery of mountains and rivers, supplemented by figure painting in the Wei and Jin dynasties, and landscape painting gradually became a type of painting from the Sui and Tang dynasties. There are many painting techniques in landscape painting, mainly including thick ink method, broken ink method, dipping ink method, ink accumulation method, and splashing ink method to express the beauty of the artistic conception between mountains and rivers.

Landscape painting is also divided into green landscape and freehand landscape, and freehand landscape is dominated by ink color. Landscape painting that pays attention to the overall freehand effect, while the green mountains and green waters pay attention to the depiction of details, and colorize with the color of the mineral plants themselves, among which Wang Ximeng's painting of the Thousand Sails and Mountains is the best.

4. Fan painting:

In the genre of Chinese painting, calligraphers and painters of all dynasties like to paint or write on the fan surface to express their lyrical meaning, or collect them for others or give them to friends as souvenirs. The fan with characters and drawings is called a fan that remains as it is, and it is a customary fan that is framed into an album for the convenience of collection. In terms of shape, there are round fans and folding fans called folding fans.

5. Figure painting:

Figure painting is mainly based on all kinds of figures, and figure painting is mainly divided into genre painting, historical story painting, lady painting, portrait painting, etc. Most of the figure paintings require the characters to have both form and spirit, and the expression of the character is rendered by the environment, figure, posture, etc., to pursue both the form and spirit of the figure.

What are the classifications of Chinese paintings, which are introduced as follows:

Chinese painting is basically divided into three major sections: figure painting, landscape painting, and flower and bird painting. In terms of technique, it can be divided into friend painting and freehand painting. Gongbi paintings include white strokes, light colors, heavy colors and boneless brushes. Freehand painting includes part-time work with writing, small freehand and large freehand.

The painting is divided into 10 sections. The sub-discipline of Chinese painting, Zhang Yanyuan's "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" in the Tang Dynasty is divided into six categories, namely figures, houses, landscapes, pommel horses, ghosts and gods, flowers and birds, etc. The Northern Song Dynasty's "Xuanhe Sen's Painting" is divided into ten categories, namely Taoism, characters, palaces, Fan clans, dragonfish, landscapes, birds and beasts, flowers and trees, ink and bamboo, fruits and vegetables, etc.

Deng Chun's "Painting Succession" in the Southern Song Dynasty is divided into eight categories (gates), namely, immortals, Buddhas, ghosts, and gods, character biographies, landscapes, forests, stones, flowers, bamboos, feathers, animals, insects, and fish, houses, woods, boats, and vehicles, vegetables, fruits, herbs, and small scenes. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were "thirteen departments of painters", but the content was quite complex and inappropriate as a classification standard.

The classification of contemporary Chinese paintings.

Contemporary Chinese painting has its own system in the field of world art. According to its subject matter and expression objects, it can be roughly divided into figure painting, landscape painting, flower and bird painting, boundary painting, flowers, melons and fruits, feathers, animals, insects and fish, etc. According to the method of expression, there are fine brushwork, freehand, hooking, coloring, ink and other technical forms, and the color can be divided into golden, large and small green, boneless, splashing color, light color, light silk and so on.

Mainly using the changes of lines and ink colors, with hooks, lines, dots, dyeing, thick, light, dry, wet, yin, yang, direction, back, virtual, solid, sparse, dense and blank and other expressive techniques, to depict the image and business position; framing layout, wide field of view, not confined to focus perspective; According to the form of expression, there are murals, screens, scrolls, albums, fans and other format forms, supplemented by traditional mounting techniques and decoration.

According to the materials used and the methods of expression, they can be subdivided into ink painting, heavy color, light silk, fine brush, freehand, white drawing, etc.; The format of Chinese painting is more diverse, the horizontal ones have long scrolls (also known as hand scrolls) and horizontal drapes, the vertical ones have banners and middle halls, the size of the ruler has albums and bucket squares, and the folding fans and group fans painted on the fan surface have them.

Figure painting, landscape painting, flower and bird painting, boundary painting.

1. Character painting.

Figure painting is one of the traditional painting disciplines in China, and the content is mainly to depict people. Due to the different emphasis of painting, it can be divided into portrait painting, character story, and genre painting. According to records, figure painting reached a very high level during the Spring and Autumn period.

From the unearthed silk paintings of the tomb of Chu in the Warring States period, we can see the achievements of figure painting at that time. Figure painting has always been the most important painting discipline in traditional Chinese painting.

2. Landscape painting.

Landscape painting, referred to as "Shanshui", is one of the Chinese painting disciplines. It is a painting that depicts the natural scenery of mountains and rivers. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, it gradually developed, but it was still mostly used as a background for figure painting; By the Sui and Tang dynasties, there had been many independent landscape painting productions; The Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty became more and more mature, and the authors rose one after another, and since then it has become a major painting discipline in Chinese painting.

There are mainly forms such as green, golden, boneless, light silk, and ink. In terms of artistic expression, it pays attention to the business position and the artistic conception of expression.

3. Flower and bird painting.

Flower and bird painting, one of the traditional painting disciplines in China. Qingji depicts flowers, bamboos and stones, birds and beasts, insects and fish. The simple fish and bird patterns that appeared on pottery four or five thousand years ago can be regarded as the earliest flower and bird paintings.

According to the records of Zhang Yanyuan's "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" in the Tang Dynasty, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the flower paintings painted on silk silk have gradually formed an independent painting department, and some specialized painters have appeared. During the Five Dynasties and the Two Song Dynasties, this painting discipline became more mature. Nanoliquid.

4. Boundary painting. Boundary painting is also one of the disciplines of Chinese painting. In the book "Dropout Records" by Ming Tao Zongyi, it is proposed to divide painting into thirteen sections:

Buddha and Bodhisattva, Jade Emperor and King Dao, King Kong Ghost God Arhat, Wind and Cloud Dragon and Tiger, Figures of the World, Mountains and Rivers of the Whole Territory, Flowers, Bamboos and Feathers, Wild Winning Beasts, Human Animals, Boundary Painting Towers, All Side Animals, Cultivation Weaving, Carved Green and Green. There is a section of the bounded painting building. Paintings that depict buildings such as palaces, terraces, and houses, and are drawn with a line with a ruler are also called "palace rooms" or "house woods".

1. Landscape painting.

1) Classification by form or color.

a. Green landscape: refers to the painting with stone blue and stone green as the main color, and there are also big green and small green green. The former has more hook outlines, less brushwork, and heavy coloring; The latter is based on the light color of ink and green.

b. Shallow Jiang Landscape: It is a light color landscape painting with ochre as the main color on the basis of ink sketching and dyeing.

c. Jinbi landscape: refers to the painting with mud gold, stone blue and stone green as the main color, which is more muddy and gold than "green landscape". Lacquer gold is generally used to hook and dye mountain outlines, stone patterns, slope feet, sand spitters, caixia, as well as official offices, pavilions and other buildings.

d. Ink Landscape: refers to the pure ink painting style in Chinese painting.

(2) Classification according to skills.

a. Splashing ink (thick brush) landscape: It is a painting method that uses a pen dipped in ink to sprinkle a large piece of paper or silk to draw the image of an object, like splashing ink.

b. Gongbi (fine brush) landscape: the natural scenery of mountains and rivers is depicted as the main body of the picture, and the artistic expression form of "line" is emphasized.

c. Freehand landscape: depict the mountains, rivers, landscapes, rocks, trees, houses, and bridges of nature with concise brushwork.

2. Flower and bird painting.

1) Classification according to the subject matter.

a. Poultry painting: Chinese painting with poultry, flying birds and other birds as the main depiction objects.

b. Flower painting: Chinese painting with peony, green vine, purple bamboo, plum blossom and so on as the main depiction objects.

c. Animal painting: Chinese painting with lions, tigers, cats, dogs and other animals as the main objects.

d. Vegetable and fruit painting: Chinese painting with vegetables and fruits as the main depiction objects.

e. Grass and insect paintings: Chinese paintings with butterflies, crickets, bees and other insects as the main depiction objects.

f. Fish and shrimp painting: Chinese painting with fish and shrimp as the main depiction objects.

2) Classification according to the form of expression.

a. Freehand flowers and birds: Paint objects in a concise and concise manner.

b. Gongbi flowers and birds: outline the moving image with thick and light ink, and then color it in depth and shade.

Hehe! I am very happy to meet a lover of Chinese painting and calligraphy again!

I'll tell you just for reference:

Calligraphy font classification: seal, rongli, line, Kai, grass.

Chinese painting is divided into three categories: figure painting, flower and bird painting (beast), landscape painting, Chinese painting methods: white drawing, outline, outline, touch the bones, splash ink and other Chinese painting techniques: freehand, fine brush, part-time work with writing.

Gongbi with meticulous brushwork production, Gongbi painting focuses on the beauty of the line, meticulous, is the characteristics of the freehand of the freehand soul feeling, the pen walks at will, regarded as the pen, freehand painting does not pay attention to the line, attaches importance to the image, and the fine of the fine stroke. Vividness is often better than the former.

1. According to the painting technique, it is divided into: fine brush painting, freehand painting, and freehand painting is divided into large freehand and small freehand.

2. According to the content: landscape painting, flower and bird painting, figure painting.

Calligraphy: seal, li, line, Kai, grass.

Painting: Gongbi, Freehand.