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Anonymous users2024-02-07When potassium is low in the blood, the difference in cell concentration increases, so potassium ions will flow outward through potassium leakage channels, etc., causing hyperpolarization and inhibiting cell excitability. In the case of hypokalemia, cardiomyocytes initiate a self-protection mechanism, that is, by reducing the permeability of potassium ions on the cell membrane, the loss of intracellular potassium ions is reduced, so that they are not hyperpolarized, that is, cardiomyocytes will not be in a state of super-inhibition of excitability.
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Anonymous users2024-02-06Low intake, excessive urination, diuretics cause muscle weakness, nausea and vomiting, bloating.
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Anonymous users2024-02-051.Neuromuscular system.
The common symptoms are muscle weakness and episodic paralysis, the latter can be preceded by muscle weakness, although the attack is related to the absolute level of plasma K+, but it is more closely related to the K+ gradient inside and outside the cell, the larger the gradient, the greater the difference between the resting potential and the threshold potential, so that the muscle excitability is reduced, paralysis can also occur when the plasma K+ is elevated, the attack is more at night and after exertion, the affected muscles are most common in the limbs, the head and neck muscles are generally not involved, but the respiratory muscles can be involved and dyspnea occurs, and there can be numbness in the limbs before the attack, followed by fatigue, and finally the voluntary activity completely disappears, generally the proximal muscles are slightly milder than the distal muscles, the patient can not stand, walk, sit or squat and cannot stand up, the lighter person can reliably stand up with a support in his hand, can not turn over voluntarily, cramps or tetany may also occur, the central nervous system is mostly normal, conscious, there may be apathetic expression, depression, drowsiness, memory and disorientation and other mental symptoms, cranial nerves are rarely involved, the superficial nerve reflexes are weakened or completely disappeared, but the deep tendon reflexes, Abdominal wall reflexes are less affected.
2.Cardiovascular system.
Hypokalemia can reduce myocardial stress and various arrhythmias and conduction block, mild cases have sinus tachycardia, atrial or ventricular premature contractions, atrioventricular block; In severe cases, paroxysmal atrial or ventricular tachycardia, and even ventricular fibrillation, potassium deficiency can aggravate digitalis and antimony poisoning, which can lead to death, peripheral peripheral blood vessels dilate, and blood pressure can drop; Decreased myocardial tone can lead to cardiac enlargement, and in severe cases, heart failure occurs, and U-waves appear on the electrocardiogram, often indicating that the body has lost at least 500 mmol of potassium.
3.Urinary system.
Long-term hypokalemia can damage the renal tubules and cause potassium deficiency nephropathy, renal tubular concentration, ammonia synthesis, hydrogen secretion and chloride ion reabsorption can be reduced or enhanced, sodium excretion or sodium reabsorption can also be reduced, resulting in metabolic hypokalemia and hypochloremic alkalosis.
4.Endocrine and metabolic system.
Hypokalemia may include impaired glucose tolerance, growth retardation in children with long-term potassium deficiency, decreased urinary potassium excretion (24 hours) in patients with hypokalemia, but increased urinary potassium excretion (>40 mmol for 24 hours) due to renal tubular acidosis and acute renal failure.
5.Digestive system.
Potassium deficiency can slow down bowel movements, and mild potassium deficiency can only cause loss of appetite, bloating, nausea and constipation; Severe potassium deficiency can cause paralytic intestinal obstruction.
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Anonymous users2024-02-041) Insufficient potassium intake, such as long-term inability to eat or insufficient food without intravenous supplementation;
2) excessive potassium excretion, including potassium loss from the extrarenal and renal pathways;
3) Patients with long-term intravenous fluid or intravenous nutrition have insufficient potassium supplementation;
4) Potassium transfer into the tissues.
The human body relies on external intake of potassium, and the daily intake of potassium from food is about 50-100mmol, and 90% is absorbed by the small intestine. The kidneys are the main organs for excreting potassium and regulating potassium balance, and the potassium in the glomerular filtrate is completely absorbed in the proximal convoluted renal tubules, and then the distal convoluted renal tubular cells and collecting duct cells secrete excess potassium and excrete it from the urine, so that potassium is maintained in the body. However, when the body's potassium intake is insufficient, the kidneys cannot significantly reduce potassium excretion, so that potassium is retained in the body, so it is easy to cause potassium deficiency. >>>More
Why does hypokalemia induce arrhythmias?
As mentioned earlier, high potassium can induce arrhythmias, and low potassium can also induce arrhythmias. When extracellular potassium or serum potassium concentrations decrease, the difference between potassium concentrations inside and outside the membrane increases, while the potassium permeability of the membrane decreases. (1) Increase excitability >>>More
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