Which plants contain aristolochic acid, all plants that contain aristolochic acid

1. Immortal vine.

Stems slender cylindrical, slightly twisted, 1 3 mm in diameter; surface yellow-green or light yellow-brown, with longitudinal ridges and knots; It is brittle and easy to break, and there are several vascular bundles of different sizes in the cross-section. The leaves are shrivelled, broken, dark green or pale yellowish-brown, with distinct basal veins and slender petioles. The gas is fragrant and the taste is light.

2. Cinnabar lotus.

Cinnabar lotus, also known as dorsal snake, is a vine. The roots of cinnabar lotus are lumpy, long, and often connected, and the surface of its roots also has many wrinkles and irregularities. As a kind of Chinese herbal medicine, cinnabar lotus has great efficacy, can clear heat and detoxify, reduce swelling and relieve pain, and can be used for a variety of diseases.

However, the *** of cinnabar lotus is also not to be underestimated.

3. Aristolochia.

It has antitussive, expectorant and asthma effects on the respiratory system, and can enhance immune function; It also has anti-tumor, antibacterial, antihypertensive, anti-fertility, bronchial dilation, and smooth muscle contraction.

4. Defend yourself.

Body pain, joint pain: 3 yuan for Guangfangji, 4 money for clematis, 3 money for silkworm sand, 5 money for chicken blood vine, water decoction, edema, unfavorable for urination: 3 yuan each for self-defense and astragalus, 2 taels of atractylodes, 1 yuan for licorice, 2 money for ginger, 3 jujubes, and water decoction.

5. Aoki incense.

Aoki incense contains volatile oil, the main component of the oil is aristolochone, and contains aristolochic acid, green wood acid, magnolialine, soil green wood caramine and propionin. Aoki decoction has a significant blood pressure lowering effect on hypertension caused by a variety of reasons. The magnolia contained in it has an obvious antihypertensive effect on renal hypertension.

In fact, there are many kinds of plants that contain Douchic acid, such as Tianxian vine, cinnabar lotus, Aristolochia, Guangfangji, Guan Mutong, Xungufeng, Aoki incense, etc. Aristolochic acid also has another name, and is also called aristolochic acid, ligytonin or phagocytic acid, which belongs to nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acid.

There are about 40 kinds of plants containing aristolochic acid in China, mainly including aristolochis (fruit), green wood incense (aristolochia root), Tianxian vine (aristolochia stem), Guangfangji (wood defense), Hanzhong defense (allistolochia heterophylla), bone-seeking wind (aristolochia jinmao), cinnabar lotus, Guan Mutong (Aristolochia mutong) and so on.

The 2000 edition of the Pharmacopoeia and the national drug standards have included 6 kinds of medicinal materials that have clearly contained aristolochic acid, namely Guangfangji, Qingmuxiang, Tianxian vine, Aristolochia, Xungufeng, cinnabar lotus, and there are more than 100 kinds of Chinese patent medicines containing aristolochic acid included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the national drug standards (excluding varieties containing Guanmutong).

Aristolochic acid is naturally found in Aristolochiaceae plants such as Asarium, Golden Earrings, Du Heng, Aristolochia, Guangfangji, and Horseshoe Incense.

Aristolochiaceae is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine and an ornamental plant used as a potted plant and trellis plant.

Morphological characteristics of Aristolochiaceae plants:

1. External form:

grassy or woody vines, shrubs or perennial herbs, sparse trees; Roots, stems, and leaves often have oil cells. Simple-leafed, alternate, sessile, leaves entire-marginal or 3-5-lobed, base often heart-shaped, without pedicle.

2. Internal structure:

1) Most of the stem vascular bundles of Aristolochiaceae plants are of the outer toughness type, and the most important feature is that the medullary rays are obvious, the primary rays are wide and long, and the secondary rays are narrow and short, so that the vascular bundles are separated from each other to form a specific shape (Aristolochia structure).

2) hairy hairs on the leaf epidermis are mostly single-columned; The stratum corneum is often granular, the upper or lower epidermis has a mastoid process, and the stomata are infinitive. Calcium oxalate crystals are common and are small square crystals, needle crystals or cluster crystals, and secretory cells are found in stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.

Aristolochia, that must be in potatoes.

Aristolochic acid: Aristolochia spp.: Aristolochia macrophylla, Aristolochia yunnan, Nanmuxiang, Guannanxiang, three-tube tube, Aristolochia bract, cinnabar lotus, Aristolochia, Tianxian vine, Aokixiang, gourd leaf Aristolochia, Guangfangji, Tongcheng Tiger, Hainan Aristolochia, Hanzhong Fangji, Vine incense, Aristolochia nanyue, aristolochia, Huaitong, back snake, Guannanxiang, Guan Mutong, Xungufeng, Aristolochia, False potato, butterfly dark elimination, white cinnabar lotus, blood thunder, platinum olive, Xiaonanmuxiang.

Medicinal materials that may be mixed with the above medicinal materials and mixed with aristolochic acid: Mutong, Kumutong, Zimutong, Baimutong, Chuanmutong, Prophetic Seed, Mufangji, Clematis, Clematis, Clematis, Xiangfangji, Baiying, Baimaoteng, Daqingmuxiang, etc.

Asarum genus: Tu Xin Xin, Da Xin Xin, Miscellaneous Xin Xin, Du Heng, Asarum Xin, Gold Earrings, Tujin Earrings, Wujin Grass, Flower Face Asarum Xin, Taitung Asarum Sin.

Aristolochic acid does not exist in food, aristolochic acid is a secondary metabolite of plants, which is found in almost all Aristolochia plants, such as Guangfangji, Qingmuxiang, Tianxian vine, Aristolochia, Xungufeng, cinnabar lotus, etc., which are mostly used in Chinese medicinal materials.

In addition, butterflies that feed on these plants also have aristolochic acid in their bodies. Aristolochic acid is the most common type of aristolochic acid, which is found in almost all Aristolochia plants and often coexists with aristolactams.

1. Guangfangji, Aoki incense, Tianxian vine, Aristolochia, bone-seeking wind, cinnabar lotus.

2. Among the aristolochic acid compounds, the main toxic components are aristolochic acid and aristolochic acid, which are catalyzed by nitroreductase, part of which is reduced to aristolochic lactam, and the other part is further reacted with DNA in the reduction process to form adducts.

3. In the study on the toxicity of aristolochic acid derivatives to porcine renal tubular epithelial cells, it was found that the toxicity of each derivative was related to its chemical structure. Nitro group is the most important toxic group in aristolochic acid derivatives, and the presence of methoxy and hydroxyl groups can further enhance the toxicity of aristolochic acid.

4. Among them, aristolochic acid is the most toxic component of Aristolochia plants. Another study has found that not only aristolochic acid has strong nephrotoxicity, but also its metabolite aristolochlactam.

5. Through the study of the metabolic process and metabolic enzymes of aristolochic acid, it was confirmed that the mutagenicity and carcinogenic toxicity of aristolochic acid are caused by the intermediate product of aristolochic acid nitrogen ions, because it has strong electrophilic ability, which can be combined with the electrophilic group of DNA base extracyclic aminophile to generate corresponding adduct products, so that the RAS gene and p53 gene are mutated, and then induce tumors.

Aristolochic acid causes far more genetic mutations than tobacco and is one of the strongest carcinogens known to cause gene bursts.

In China, there are about 40 kinds of plants containing aristolochic acid, mainly including Tianxian vine (aristolochia stem), Guangfangji (wood defense), aristolochia (fruit), cinnabar lotus, Guan Mutong (Mutong aristolochia), Aokixiang (aristolochia root), Hanzhong Fangji (aristolochia heterophylla), bone-seeking wind (Aristolochia jinmao) and so on.

Among them, Aristolochic acid: Aristolochia: Aristolochia, Tianxian vine, large-leaf green wood incense, Yunnan aristolochia, Nanmu incense, Guannanxiang, Guan Mutong, Xungufeng, leather leaf aristolochia, three-tube tube, bract leaf aristolochia, cinnabar lotus, green wood incense, gourd leaf aristolochia, Hanzhong Fangji, vine incense, Nanyue aristolochia, concave vein aristolochia, Huaitong, back snake, Guannanxiang, false potato, butterfly dark elimination, white cinnabar lotus, Guangfangji, Tongcheng tiger, Hainan aristolochia, forced blood thunder, platinum olive, Xiaonanmu incense.

Medicinal materials that may be mixed with the above herbs and mixed with aristolochic acid include: Baimutong, Chuanmutong, Prophetic Seed, Baiying, Baimaoteng, Mufangji, Clematis, Clematis, Mutong, Kumutong, Zimutong, Xiangfangji, Daqingmuxiang, etc.

Answer]: b Bitter almonds, peach kernels, plum kernels, loquat kernels, ginkgo seeds, etc. contain cyanogenic glycosides and cyanogenic acid, which can be hydrolyzed to form hydrocyanic acid. Traditional Chinese medicines that can cause cardiovascular toxicity are:

Drugs containing aconitine such as Chuanwu, Caowu, Aconite, Artemisia Snow, etc.; Drugs containing cardiac glycosides, such as Toad Crisp, Luobu Ma Leaf Withering, Min Zhao Evergreen, Goldenrod oleander, Beiwu Jiapi, etc. Aristolochic acid contained in Mutong (Guanmutong), Aristolochia, Guangfangji, Aokixiang, etc., has the ability to accumulate in the human body, and there is a dose-toxicity dependence on the damage to the kidneys, and the main feature is to cause renal tubular necrosis. Drugs containing aconitine such as Chuanwu, Caowu, Aconite, Artemisia Snow, etc.;