What books have recorded Hui merchants

History Textbook for the People's Education Edition is compulsory 2.

Huizhou merchants refer to Huizhou merchants. Hui merchants came from Huizhou, including She, Xiuning, Wuyuan, Qimen, Yi, and Jixi counties, that is, the ancient Xin'an County. Among the six counties, the merchants of Shehe Xiuning are particularly famous.

The Hui merchants became active in the Song Dynasty and flourished from the late Ming to the early Qing Dynasty. The famous merchant gangs in Chinese history, the Hui merchants were all in poor mountainous areas, and there was no way to survive farming.

Historical background of the Hui merchantsHuizhou is located in the "head of Wu and Chuwei", belongs to the marginal area, the mountains are high and the forests are dense, the terrain is changeable, and the development is late. Before the Han Dynasty, the population was small, but at the end of the Jin Dynasty, the end of the Song Dynasty, the end of the Tang Dynasty and three waves of migration in Chinese history, a large number of people migrated from the north to Huizhou in southern Anhui. What should I do if I have a large population and a lot of mountains and little land?

Going out to do business is a way out.

The abundant resources have promoted business development. The earliest Huizhou merchants were engaged in mountain goods and grain from other places. For example, the use of rich wood resources for construction, ink, paint, tung oil, papermaking, these are the bulk commodities of foreign transportation, tea has Qimen red, Wuyuan green famous products.

When going out to do business, they mainly deal in salt, cotton (cloth), grain, etc.

For the ancient people, Huizhou was a poor mountain and bad water.

There is a proverb in Huizhou that says: If you don't cultivate in your previous life, you were born in Huizhou, at the age of thirteen or fourteen, and you throw it away. It is a portrayal of the real high calendar.

Because there are many mountains and very few fields, the people of Huizhou cannot support their children and grandchildren, and the boys will go out to talk about apprenticeship when they reach the age of age, and they cannot return home if they cannot learn. This is the origin of the famous "Hui merchants" in ancient times. Therefore, Mr. Hu Shizhi, a native of Huizhou, has a saying that "no Hui can not be a town".

Due to the young and left home, Hui merchants are heavy on profit and light on parting, looking for flowers and willows outside, but there are wives at home who are suffering. There is a local saying that "a husband and wife for three and a half years", that is, to be the wife of a Huizhou person, a lifetime adds up to only three and a half years together. What about the time when the three relatives searched for a year and a half?

The women of Zhengzhou can only stay alone in the empty room, and dare not take a step beyond the thunder pool, because they have a heavy hat on their heads, which makes them breathless, which is the "Cheng Zhu Lixue" that brings Confucius's Confucianism to the extreme.

With the end of the Qing Dynasty and the current situation of the country, the Hui merchants declined and collapsed. The invasion of imperialism and the rise of national capitalism were accompanied by the weakening of the Hui merchants. The Hui Shang dynasty endured because of Confucianism, emphasizing Confucianism and education, but the decline was also trapped in traditional Confucianism, and when the country was broken, it was difficult to continue to move forward, and finally drowned in modern history.

After the prosperity of Huizhou merchants in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it lasted more than 400 years, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, gradually declined, and the reasons for this can be seen from the following aspects:

The mansion of the Hui merchants.

1. In the 11th year of Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty, Tao Shu, the governor of Liangjiang, eliminated the accumulation of salt in Huai and implemented the "ticket law" for a few years, which not only enabled the tens of millions of taels of salt taxes owed to merchants in the past to be eliminated, but also increased their income by tens of millions, and the interests of salt merchants suffered a major blow. Therefore, when Tao Shu first discussed the elimination of salt, the salt merchants and officials were all aggressively opposed. Although Cao Zhenyong, a native of She County, who started with the salt industry and was the prime minister of Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang of the Three Dynasties, did not come forward to oppose it, but also because the salt administration was changed to implement the ticket law, the Hui merchants suffered losses.

Despite Cao Zhenyong's words, the reform of the salt administration was still extremely heavy on the Hui merchants.

Second, in the third year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty, Wang Maoyin, a native of She County, who was also in charge of the money law hall, believed that in order for the money law to work, it was necessary to rely on businessmen, to give businessmen the convenience of operation, and to give businessmen preferential benefits. This suggestion of his was not only not adopted by Yi Xu, but was severely reprimanded as being instructed by Gou. This has also dealt a big blow to the Hui businessmen who operate the money industry.

Third, during the Qing Dynasty, the pawn merchants were banned and profited, and then the tax was increased, and Zuo Zongtang increased the quality of the shop for years, and the pawn merchants were defeated. Xianfeng has implemented "centijin" since four years, and there are many tax cards. It is not as easy to make money as it used to be for long-distance trafficking.

Fourth, after the Opium War, the imported products of the capitalist countries were dumped in various parts of China, and the handicraft products operated by the Huizhou merchants were no match for the goods produced by foreign commercial machines, that is, the "only one" Hui ink, which was also affected by the imported fountain pens and ink. At the same time, with the emergence of foreign merchants, the domestic comprador class, in collusion with the gentry, also became a fierce rival of the Hui merchants.

Fifth, during the reign of Xianfeng Tongzhi, the war in Huizhou lasted for many years, at first it was the loss and looting of the regimental training, and then the Zeng State Domain Governor Qimen plundered the troops again, so that the whole county was empty, and the Taiping army and the Qing army fought for attack and defense, fierce battles continued, cruelly burned, burned, killed, and captured, the corpses were all over the field, the houses were ruins, and ten villages were destroyed ninely, and Huizhou suffered a rare disaster since ancient times, so that the Huizhou merchants were seriously destroyed in terms of manpower, financial resources, and material resources. In addition, the Hui merchants, who were ancient in the feudal mode of production and operation, gradually overwhelmed them in the competition with the emerging Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang merchants. In short, the Hui Shang is a product of the feudal social economy, although the history is very long, but because it failed to adapt to the development of society, to the period of semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, it will determine its inevitable decline fate.