4. Monopoly makes production management more and more socialized

Monopoly has made production management increasingly social. The specific performance is as follows:

1) With the separation of the ownership of capital and the right to operate and use, the operation and management of monopoly enterprises are no longer carried out by a single capitalist, but increasingly by a social institution composed of board of directors and managers.

2) The rule of monopoly has led to the establishment of social distribution and computing institutions, especially the banks have become omnipotent monopolists from the intervention of ordinary credit relations, and have become the "public bookkeeping" of society, and have become the computers of national and even worldwide product production and distribution.

3) The degree of state intervention in the economy is constantly developing, and the domination of monopoly capital in economic life inevitably leads to the domination of the state superstructure, and the use of state power to intervene in economic life in order to guarantee high monopoly profits.

4) The emergence of international monopoly organizations, state monopoly capitalism, and international monopoly alliances has internationalized economic regulation.

With the separation of the ownership of capital and the right to operate and use, the operation and management of monopoly enterprises are no longer carried out by a single capitalist, but are increasingly carried out by social institutions composed of boards of directors and managers, and the unification of monopoly has led to the establishment of social distribution and calculation institutions, especially the banks have become omnipotent monopolists from ordinary intermediaries in credit relations, and have become the "public bookkeeping" of society into computers for the production and distribution of products on a national or even worldwide scale, and the degree of state intervention in the economy has continued to develop. The domination of monopoly capital in economic life inevitably leads to the domination of the state superstructure and the use of the power of the state to intervene in economic life in order to guarantee the acquisition of high monopoly profits, the emergence of international monopoly organizations, the international monopoly alliance of state monopoly capitalism, and the internationalization of economic regulation.

Monopolies make high profits with market power, but corporate profits are not necessarily a social problem in themselves. Because the welfare of the monopoly market includes both the welfare of consumers and the welfare of producers. If the consumer pays $1 more due to the monopoly**, the consumer's situation will be $1 worse, but the producer's situation will be $1 better.

This shift from consumers to monopolists does not affect the aggregate market surplus. In other words, monopoly profit itself does not mean that the size of the economic pie has become smaller, it only means that the producer's share has become larger, and the consumer's share has become smaller. Monopoly profits are not a social problem unless there is some reason to think that consumers deserve market surplus more than producers – but whether "should" or "stupid" is already an equal [normative] judgment beyond the realm of efficiency – monopoly profit is not a social problem.

The problem with monopolizing the market is the senseless loss, which measures how much the economic pie has become smaller. This inefficiency is related to the monopoly grid, and if the grid does not prevent some consumers from purchasing these goods, the increase in producer surplus is exactly the decrease in consumer surplus, and the total surplus is still the same as that which can be achieved by benevolent social planners. Exceptions:

If a monopoly has to incur additional costs in order to maintain its monopoly position, such as hiring lobbyists to persuade members of Congress to dictate the relevant laws, these costs are part of the social loss.

1) Concentration of production makes it possible to monopolize the sails. When production is highly concentrated, and the production of one sector is already concentrated in the hands of a small number of large enterprises and large corporations, it is easier for them to reach some kind of agreement between them to jointly control the production and markets of their sector.

2) Concentration of production makes monopoly necessary. In order to avoid losing both sides in the competition, large enterprises will seek temporary compromises and reach agreements to form monopolies in order to jointly control production and sales and obtain high monopoly profits.

3) The concentration of production has caused difficulties in competition to a certain extent, and has led to a tendency to monopoly. When a small number of large enterprises control the production and circulation of a sector, it is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises in this sector to compete with them because of their weak strength, and it is also difficult for capital from other sectors to be transferred to this sector to establish new enterprises, thus gradually forming a pattern of monopoly by a small number of large enterprises.

Answer]: A The principle of determining output in any enterprise that seeks to maximize profits is that the marginal benefit is equal to the marginal cost, and the same is true for monopolies. The principle of profit maximization followed by monopolies and competitors is similar, but the differences are:

The marginal return of a competitor is equal to its product**, while the marginal return of a monopoly is less than its product**. That is, for competitors: p=mr=mc , and for monopolies:

p>mr=mc。

The process of monopoly.

First of all, the increasing concentration of production in the Mori Yuan Bureau made monopoly possible. Second, the concentration of production also makes monopoly necessary and inevitable: the concentration of production expands the scale of enterprises and rapidly expands the production capacity of large enterprises.

Monopoly profit refers to the excess profit obtained by monopoly capitalists by virtue of their monopoly position in production and circulation, which greatly exceeds the average profit.

In the long-term equilibrium production of monopoly manufacturers, it can be known ().

equal to the smallest lac

Equal to the LMC with the minimum high burn-out

Correct Answer: a

The basic contradiction of capitalism is the contradiction between the socialization of production and the capitalist form of private appropriation. This contradiction is the result of the production of surplus value and the accumulation of capital, and it is becoming more and more acute in the process of capital accumulation.

The growth of capital accumulation has led to the increasing socialization of capitalist production.

The main manifestations are:

First, the concentration of the means of production and the socialization of labor. Capitalist enterprises gradually combine the means of production used by individuals in a dispersed manner into the means of production used by laborers, and production itself changes from a series of individual behaviors into a series of social behaviors, that is, collective labor. The product has also changed from the product of individual labor to the social product of many people's labor together.

Second, the development of the social division of labor and the specialization of production has brought about increasingly close ties between different sectors and enterprises in society, and the originally relatively scattered production process has become increasingly linked into inseparable social production.

Third, small local markets converge into a unified domestic market and further develop into a world market.

The concrete manifestation of the comprehensive socialization of capitalist production by monopoly is that no, monopoly does not change any of the characteristics and manifestations of capitalism, that is, in the capitalist system in which monopoly prevails, the economic crisis still exists, remains the same, and has not been changed in any way.

1, 1 monopoly has created a huge scale of production units, so that production and capital are highly concentrated, the production and operation of monopoly organizations break through the restrictions of regions and countries, so that they can make a rough estimate of the national and even world markets, raw materials, etc., to plan their own activities, monopoly rule makes scientific and technological research from scattered individual undertakings to social undertakings, and the socialization of production develops in the international direction

The reason for the concentration of social wealth in the hands of the industrial bourgeoisie is that after the industrial revolution, the emergence of monopoly organizations did not change the nature of the ownership of the means of production, and the control of the production of commodities was not the adjustment of the relations of production.

In the late 19th century, the Second Industrial Revolution promoted the tremendous development of the productive forces, and the emergence of monopolies was the result of the development of the productive forces. After it is generated, the scale of the enterprise will be further expanded, which will naturally be conducive to the further improvement of labor productivity. The emergence of high-level forms of monopoly organizations such as trusts is more conducive to improving enterprise management, reducing production costs, and increasing labor productivity.

The emergence of monopoly is, in fact, a partial adjustment of capitalist relations of production. With the development and enhancement of the economic strength of capitalism, the monopoly capitalists in the capitalist countries have increasingly interfered in the political and economic life of the country from controlling the economic lifeline of the country and then controlling the state power in order to earn maximum profits. With the emergence of monopoly organizations in various countries, the domestic market is also relatively narrow, and monopoly capitalists have tried their best to compete for commodity markets, raw material production areas, and investment venues in various parts of the world, and in the fierce competition in the world market, international monopoly groups have been formed.

Because of the monopoly, so development, adopt me and say.