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Measures and actions to combat enemy aircraft from the air or from outer space. This includes the establishment of various air defense systems, the conduct of anti-aerial reconnaissance and anti-air raid operations, the implementation of anti-air concealment, camouflage, protection, and elimination of the consequences of air raids. Modern air defense is mainly to defend against enemy aircraft, cruise missiles, ballistic missiles, and military spacecraft.

It defends the security of the country's airspace in peacetime, covers the country's transition to a wartime system in wartime, defends important national objectives, guarantees the freedom of movement of the armed forces, and protects the safety of the people. Air defense has a significant impact on the course and outcome of a war and has a strategic importance.

Air defense is divided into active air defense and passive air defense according to different means. The use of air defense weapons and equipment such as aircraft, anti-aircraft guns, ground-to-air missiles, blocking balloons, and electronic countermeasures equipment to directly destroy, delay, or interfere with measures and actions of enemy aircraft is called active air defense; Measures and actions such as constructing air defense fortifications, evacuating concealed personnel and materials, controlling lights, camouflage, and eliminating the consequences of air raids are called passive air defense. According to different organizations and tasks, air defense is divided into territorial air defense, field air defense, and civil air defense.

The air defense measures and actions taken to defend the national territory and the security of important targets are called territorial air defense; In territorial air defense, air defense to protect the security of important areas is called air defense of important areas. The army conducts an organized struggle for air defense in field conditions, which is called field air defense; The measures and actions taken to mobilize and organize the masses of the people to guard against the enemy's air attacks and eliminate the consequences of air raids are called civil air defense. The above-mentioned types of air defense have their own emphases and are interrelated, and they complement each other to accomplish air defense tasks.

Air defense is divided into passive air defense and active air defense. Passive air defense is to minimize battle damage during enemy air raids**. The means include building air-raid shelters, allowing people to hide in air-raid shelters, treating the wounded, fighting fire, and stockpiling supplies.

Active air defense means that the enemy's air force will not be able to carry out air raids smoothly, knock enemy planes away, destroy them, and annihilate enemy planes with guns, missiles, and fighters. Often it is a combination of active air defense with negative air defense. In the past, when enemy planes attacked, there were no anti-aircraft machine guns, anti-aircraft guns, and fighters, so they could only defend themselves passively.

However, passive air defense alone is not enough, and active air defense must be used to weaken the enemy's air force. General means of air defense: long-range warning radar discovers enemy planes, pulls air defense alarms, people hide in bomb shelters, troops and fighters in the middle of the enemy plane's attack route will intercept enemy planes, and enemy air raids also have anti-aircraft fire to destroy enemy planes in the target area.

First of all, sea-based radar found that reporting military airfields, if it is an intercontinental missile, it can be shot down with a fighter, and then there are long-range anti-aircraft missiles, such as the introduction of the Russian S-300, which was not intercepted successfully, and low-altitude missiles such as Hongqi, as well as anti-aircraft artillery, etc., anti-aircraft machine guns with high automation, etc. There are many ways.

Answer: In order to reduce the loss of life and property of residents in the future air raid struggle, the state has adopted the following measures in the field of civil air defense:

1) It stipulates that the civil air defense shall be under the dual leadership of the military and the civilian forces, so as to ensure that the residents can obtain information about the enemy's air raids as soon as possible and participate in the joint air defense struggle.

2) Establish a civil air defense alarm and communication system to guide residents to protect in a timely manner.

3) Construct civil air defense projects or evacuation bases to ensure that residents can have a safe and hidden location.

4) Organize and train various civil air defense professional teams to eliminate the consequences of air raids in a timely manner.

5) Popularize civil air defense knowledge and protection skills education for all kinds of personnel, so that residents can learn the knowledge and skills to protect the safety of their own lives and property and those of their family members, understand the methods of rescuing friends and neighbors and participating in community emergency operations, and can be applied and improved in emergencies and disaster response.

6) Civil air defense agencies usually assist neighborhood committees, villages and towns, enterprises, and communities in formulating air raid and disaster prevention plans, so as to ensure that in the event of air raids or disasters, residents can be immediately organized to enter a state of protection.

The basic anti-hardship measures of civil air defense include ().

a.Sound air raid siren signals in a timely manner.

b.Organize the masses to evacuate and hide the noise.

c.Organize the protection of important economic and friend dust targets.

d.Organize the elimination of the consequences of air strikes.

Correct answer: ABCD

1. Control the ground to prevent irrelevant personnel from entering the special area of the airport; Prevent and crack down on the destruction of ground facilities at airports, and then carry out acts that disrupt the normal operation of aircraft.

2. Prevent the act of endangering the safety of aircraft operation by entrapping dangerous goods in the delivered baggage or cargo.

3. Prevent and combat the behavior of aircraft in flight that is interfered with by illegal acts and endangers the safety of aircraft operation.

4. Prevent and crack down on hijacking aircraft, passengers or staff in the air, and requesting to change routes; or using the hijacked aircraft and hostages on board to blackmail ** to achieve the illegal purpose of the hijacker; Even the act of using an aircraft as an offensive **, attacking ground targets.

Categories: Social Livelihood >> Military.

Problem description:1For new civil buildings with more than 10 floors (including 10 floors) or a foundation embedding depth of more than 3 meters (including 3 meters) in the built-up area, an air defense basement with a specified resistance level shall be built in accordance with the ground ( ).

2.In the built-up area, new civil buildings with less than 10 floors or a foundation embedding depth of less than 3 meters, and the total ground construction area of more than 2,000 square meters shall be built according to the total ground construction area (a few percent).

Sorry everyone! ~~

Analysis: 1) New construction, expansion, reconstruction of more than 10 floors (including 10 floors) or foundation embedding depth of more than 3 meters (including 3 meters, pile foundation to the bearing platform) below 9 floors of civil buildings, must be built corresponding to the ground floor area of the first floor of the air defense basement;

2) For newly-built, expanded, or reconstructed civil buildings with less than 9 floors, a foundation embedding depth of less than 3 meters, and a total construction area of more than 7,000 square meters above the ground, an air defense basement must be built according to 2 of the total construction area;

3) For newly-built, expanded and reconstructed civil buildings with a total construction area of less than 7,000 square meters, the air defense basement relocation construction fee (hereinafter referred to as the ex-situ construction fee) shall be paid according to the standard of 10 yuan per square meter of the total ground construction area.

2。Examination and approval of payment: If the construction cannot be synchronized due to the following conditions, the construction unit can apply for ex-situ construction

A) the use of pile foundation and pile foundation cap top surface embedding depth is less than three meters (or less than the specified basement space net height);

2) The area of the air defense basement that should be built according to the specified indicators only occupies a part of the first floor of the ground building, the structure and foundation are difficult to deal with, and the economy is very unreasonable;

3) Projects built in quicksand, dark rivers, and shallow bedrock burial depths, which are not suitable for construction due to geological conditions;

4) Due to the dense concentration of houses or underground pipelines and facilities in the construction area. The air defense basement cannot be constructed or it is difficult to take measures to ensure the safety of construction.

The focus is on the large and medium-sized cities in the country's political and economic centers, and the important transportation, communications, electricity, water conservancy, warehouses and other facilities in these cities are the pillars of the national economy.

First of all, civil air defense can effectively preserve the country's economic potential. Strengthening the building of Qishen-type civil air defense and closely organizing protection will undoubtedly play an important role in enhancing the survival ability of these targets.

Although it is difficult to thoroughly guard against high-tech air raids, it is still possible to control the losses of air raids to a certain extent through rational dispersed layouts, as much underground as possible, strict camouflage protection, and active organization of rescue and emergency repairs.

Urban and important economic targets are the focus of civil air defense.

1. What is civil air defenseCivil air defense is the abbreviation of civil air defense. It refers to the general term for all kinds of protective measures taken by the military department to jointly mobilize and organize the masses of the people to fight against the enemy's air attacks in order to prevent all modern attacks by the enemy. 2. What is national defense All measures taken to defend the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and security and to defend against foreign armed aggression and subversion.

Civil air defense is an integral part of national defense. Air raids refer to attacks on ground (down) and surface (down) targets from the air using aircraft, missiles, and other air attack weapons. Its purpose is to destroy and destroy the important targets of the other side and weaken its military strength at the forefront of the local war arena in the world today.

Compared with the past, modern air raids are in addition to the simultaneous use of aircraft and missiles, all-weather sorties, and increased destructive power. The purpose of conducting civil air defense education is to enable citizens to enhance their national defense concept and awareness, master civil air defense knowledge and skills, familiarize themselves with civil air defense laws and regulations, and fulfill their civil air defense obligations in accordance with the law. China clearly stipulates in the "People's Republic of China Civil Air Defense Law":

Civil air defense education for school students shall be organized and implemented by the competent departments of education and civil air defense at all levels. "Press, publishing, radio, television, culture and other relevant departments shall assist in carrying out civil air defense education. 2. Construction and maintenance of civil air defense projects.

Civil air defense engineering refers to the underground protective buildings and command and communication facilities built to provide shelter for personnel and materials, intelligence information transmission, civil air defense organization and command, medical aid, etc., as well as basements that can be used for air defense in wartime in combination with ground buildings. Civil air defense projects are the focus of civil air defense construction, which usually includes various masking projects, alarm and communication projects, command automation projects, and so on. The purpose of building and maintaining civil air defense projects is to improve the ability to prevent and resist disasters and protect the safety of people's lives and property.

3. Establish a command and communication system. In wartime, a sound and smooth command and communication system can achieve rapid, timely, accurate, and efficient command over urban civil air defense work. Whether or not the telecommunications and warning system can quickly and accurately transmit and issue air raid warning signals and organize the masses to carry out the struggle against air raids in a timely and effective manner has a direct bearing on the safety of people's lives and property and the security of national interests.

It is necessary to unify the organization of post and telecommunications departments and military communications departments through the state and at all levels to establish a civil air defense communications and warning network with complete functions and wide coverage. 4. Formulate disaster relief plans.