What are the sixteen countries of the Western Regions of the ancient Silk Road?

An ancient transportation artery across the Asian continent. Since 119 BC Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, it has gradually appeared. From Chang'an, the ancient capital of China in the east (near present-day Xi'an), westward along Weishui, through the Hexi Corridor (present-day Gansu Province, the narrow strip), to Dunhuang, out of Yumen Pass and Yangguan, into the "Western Regions" (now Xinjiang and the west of the region).

The south road out of Yangguan along the northern foot of the Kunlun Mountains to the west, the north road out of Yumen Pass along the southern foot of the Tianshan Mountains to the west, over the Green Ridge (now the Pamir Plateau) into present-day Central Asia, and then westward, through present-day Iran and other countries to reach the territory of Daqin (the territory of the Roman Empire in the Middle East). In the Han Dynasty, the south road was mostly walked. In the Tang Dynasty, the north road was mostly walked.

The "Silk Road" is about 7,000 kilometers long and is named after the transportation of Chinese silk, which is regarded as a treasure in the West. Through the Silk Road, Chinese silk, ironware, and well-drilling techniques were transmitted to the Western Regions, and local products and musical instruments from the Western Regions, as well as Buddhism from India, were also introduced to China. The Silk Road was an important channel for economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries during the Han and Tang dynasties.

Silk Road.

The 36 countries of the Western Regions mainly refer to Qiuci, Loulan, Shache and other countries, of which Qiuci is equivalent to the Aksu Prefecture of present-day Xinjiang, Loulan is equivalent to the Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of present-day Xinjiang, and Shache is equivalent to the Kashgar Prefecture of present-day Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Historically, the 36 countries of the Western Regions mainly refer to the Shule Kingdom, the Qiuzi Kingdom, the Jingjue Kingdom, the Yuli Kingdom, the Wuqiang Kingdom, the Ronglu Kingdom, the Humi Kingdom, the Qule Kingdom, the Khotanese Kingdom, the Pishan Kingdom, the Wujiao Kingdom, the Xiyezi Kingdom (real name Xiye Kingdom), the Zihe Kingdom, the Puli Kingdom, the Yinai Kingdom, the Wulei Kingdom, the Nandou Kingdom, the Dawan Kingdom, the Xiaowan Kingdom, etc.

It mainly refers to 36 countries such as Wusun, Qiuzi, Yanqi, Khotan, Ruoqiang, Loulan, Jimo, Xiaowan and Qule.

Only scholars who study history know about it, and the average person doesn't know about it at all.

The Thirty-Six Kingdoms of the Western Regions is a general term for the Asian region west of the name of present-day Yumen Pass. In the second year of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty (60 B.C.), he established the Western Regions Protectorate, which was governed in Wulei City, and the countries of the Western Regions were governed by the ** Dynasty since then.

At that time, the 36 countries of the Western Regions in the current Xinjiang Songjing Realm were verified in the following places: Qiuzi, Yanqi, Ruoqiang, Loulan, Jingjue, Jimo, Xiaowan, Ronglu, Mi, Qule, Pishan, Xiye, Puli, Yinai, Shache, Shujia Sleeper, Yutou, Wensu, Yuli, Gumo, Beilu Trembling Yingnian, Wu Greed, Beilu Houguo, Shan Huan, Pu Class, Pu Houguo, Xijimi, Robbery Country, Huhu, Mountain Country, Cheshi Qianguo, Cheshi Houguo, Cheshi Weidu Kingdom, Cheshi Houcheng State and other countries, in addition to Wusun, Dawan, Anxi, Dayueshi, Kangju, Kokand, Kanjuti, Wuyi Shanli and other more than a dozen Western Regions countries.

Ancient China ruled and administered the Western Regions and established a number of vassal states in the Western Regions, often referred to as"36 countries in the Western Regions"。The specific names and locations of these countries may vary from one historical period to another and from one historical record to another, but are generally thought to include some of the following:

Luke (or Shanshan).

Yanqi. Khotan (or Khotan).

Igo (or Yan Qi Yiwu).

Turtles. Gao Chang.

Zhangye. And the end.

Sha Min is blind and filial piety.

Wooden ramparts. Ashina (or Anthy).

Kang Guo. Gumo.

Dragon Branch. Karma.

Gandhara. Grass Field.

Bowl. Di Renjie.

Jane Po Country. Mezzle.

Rest. Pimp.

Kangju. Subi.

Huo Ba. Wan (or crossbow loss).

Turkic (or Bayegu).

Ye Mi (or Yueshi).

Great Xia. Napo.

Wusun (or Yanqi Wusun).

Hui. Raja (or Rakshasa country).

Rome. Tang Dynasty (as China's ruling state over the Western Regions).

This is only a list of the 36 countries of the ancient Western Regions, and the specific number and names of the countries may vary in different historical periods and studies. The history of the ancient Western Regions is complex, involving the rise and fall of multiple ethnic groups and regimes, and the study of the history of the Western Regions needs to comprehensively consider the different documents and research results of the bridge manuscript.

Yanqi country. 2.Cheshi Country.

3.Shanshanguo.

4.Kangju country.

5.Jiuquan country.

6.Dunhuang State.

7.Altai 8Turtle Country 9Khotan 10Shache Country 11Mulei Country 12Sogdian State.

13.Tarim State 14Zhang Yeguo 15Qi Lianguo 16Shule 17Kashgar 18Yanqi Great Xia Kingdom.

19.Gao Changguo 20Igo 21Kuqa country 22Shazhou State 23Loulan Guo 24Death Cai Guo.

25.Driver 26Dawan Kingdom 27Sabbath 28Wusun Guobi Yuanchen 29Yanqi Cheshi Guo 30The great country of Wusun.

31.Yan Qi Sha Che Guo 32Yanqi Guizi Kingdom 33Yan Split Dan Qi in Khotan 34Yan Regret Zen Gao Changguo 35Yanqi Shule Kingdom 36Yanqi Shanguo.

on the Silk Road; China, Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey.

the Maritime Silk Road; Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Yemen, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Libya, Tunisia, Italy.

The commodities introduced from China to the Western Regions by the Silk Road were mainly Chinese satin, embroidery, gold brocade, silk, tea, porcelain, medicinal materials and other goods.

At the same time, because of the corresponding formation and development of the first center, almost all Chinese and foreign historical books in the Yuan Dynasty described the indisputable status of Yuan Dadu as the first center of the Oriental International. "The Travels of Marco Polo" once introduced the grand occasion of Yuan Dadu International ** in one chapter: "All the most rare and precious things in the world can be found in this city,......There are more goods here than anywhere else."

During the Yuan Dynasty, there was also an important trading town on the Silk Road in China, where textiles were "sold all over the world by domestic merchants". Suzhou in the Hexi Corridor, near here, "a very good quality rhubarb produced in the mountains." Merchants from elsewhere come here to buy and sell all over the world."

Items spread by the Silk Road: Nowadays, our common grapes, alfalfa, flax, cucumbers, peppers, walnuts, etc., are said to be brought back by Zhang Qian. In addition, all sorts of things came from the trade route opened up by Zhang Qian.

In addition to the Dawan horse favored by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there are carpets, woolen fabrics, sapphires, precious stones, gold and silverware, glassware, pearls, turqi stones, and Roman and Persian silver coins, as well as Buddhism that came from Central Asia after BC, and the Buddhist Qi and monasteries built by visiting monks from the Western Regions during the reign of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty.

Silk and porcelain.

Grapes, walnuts, carrots, peppers, beans, cabbage (also known as Persian cuisine), cucumbers (known as courgettes in the Han Dynasty), pomegranates, etc.

Ironware, gold, silverware, mirrors, and other luxury items were shipped mainly from China. Rare animals and birds, plants, hides, medicinal herbs, spices, and jewelry were shipped to China.

Silk and ironware and other products and advanced ironware making and sinking technology were transmitted to the Western Regions.

The Western Regions, a term full of imagination and containing traces of history, is both strange and distant to us, but also familiar to us. It is full of legends and colors, and has become the first channel for exchanges between ancient and medieval countries with Central Asia, West Asia, Europe and even Africa, and has become the meeting point of several major civilizations in ancient times.