How can spinach cultivation prevent and reduce environmental pollution?

The main measures taken are: urban sewage and factory wastewater cannot be used for irrigation in production; During and after childbirth, pay attention to frequent removal of stump branches and leaves and diseased plants, and clean the countryside; Rational fertilization and rational use of pesticides. Municipal garbage can not be used for base fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer and application time should be appropriate.

Biological pesticides and other high-efficiency and low-toxicity agents are mostly used for disease prevention and insect control, which are used according to standard amounts and safe time intervals, and high-toxicity and high-residue agents are prohibited.

Spinach grows quickly and has a short growth period, which makes it easy to produce nitrate hazards and other pollution hazards. The main measures to prevent and reduce pollution are: Reasonable fertilization, we should pay attention to the use of base fertilizer, choose high-quality and efficient fully decomposed organic fertilizer, and cooperate with ternary compound fertilizer as base fertilizer.

Strictly control the amount of chemical fertilizer, the application time and the safety interval of the last top application of chemical fertilizer in the production process; Irrigation with clean water sources, not with municipal sewage, factory wastewater and polluted water sources for irrigation, and also not with municipal garbage and other wastes that have not been harmlessly treated as base fertilizer; Pay attention to cleaning the countryside before giving birth, and pay attention to removing residual branches and leaves and diseased plants frequently during and after childbirth to reduce pollution and disease sources; Rational use of pesticides, the use of comprehensive pest control technical measures, the use of agriculture, physical means, the application of biological pesticides and high-efficiency and low-toxicity agents, etc., in strict accordance with the standard amount and safety interval use, prohibiting high-toxicity, high-residue agents.

(1) Temperature.

Spinach is one of the most cold-tolerant vegetables among the green leafy vegetables, which can overwinter in the open field in the south of the Yangtze River Basin, and can safely overwinter in the open field in about 10 areas, and can overwinter in the open field with wind barriers and ground cover in North China, Northeast China, and Northwest China. The cold tolerance of spinach is closely related to plant growth and development and seedling age. Plants with 4 6 leaves, the roots can tolerate a short period of 30 low temperatures, and at 40 low temperatures, only the outer leaves are frozen and yellowed, and the roots and young shoots will not be damaged, if the seedlings have only 1 2 leaves, or the seedlings are too large, or the plants that are about to sprout, they are susceptible to frost damage and die during the winter.

Spinach has a wide adaptability, the growth temperature is 15 30, the optimal temperature is 15 20, spinach seeds can germinate at 4 o'clock, the temperature is 15 20, 4 days can germinate, germination rate of more than 90%. As the temperature increases, the germination rate decreases.

2) Lighting. Although spinach is a low-temperature and long-day crop. However, flower bud differentiation is mainly affected by the length of sunlight, and it is easy to pass through the light stage under high temperature and long daylight, and low temperature and long sunshine can promote flower bud differentiation. After the differentiation of flower buds, the temperature increases, and when the sunshine is extended, the sprouting and flowering are accelerated.

When the overwintering spinach enters the spring and summer of the following year, the plants will quickly sprout and bloom.

3) Moisture. Spinach grows most vigorously under the environmental conditions of 80% to 90% air humidity and 70% 80% soil moisture, with thick leaves, good quality and high yield. Spinach needs a lot of water in the growth process, lack of water during the growth period, slow growth, aging of mesophyll, increased fiber, and easy to downy mildew, especially in high temperature, dryness, and long sunshine, which will promote the development of flower organs and early sprouting.

4) Soil nutrition.

Spinach has a wide adaptability to the soil, and it is suitable to be planted in water-retaining, fertilizer-retaining, moist (night tide) fertile, pH6 neutral or slightly alkaline loam soil, acidic soil will poison spinach and is not suitable for cultivation. Spinach is a fast-growing green leafy vegetable, which requires more nitrogen fertilizer to promote the growth of leaf clusters, with good quality and high yield. Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied on the basis of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

(1) Temperature. Spinach is very hardy and is the strongest of all leafy vegetables. As long as the temperature after sowing is not lower than 4 degrees, the seedlings can germinate normally, but the most suitable temperature for seed germination is about 18 degrees.

The optimal temperature for its growth is also about 18 degrees Celsius, and when the temperature exceeds 26 degrees, the growth of spinach will be limited and it will not be able to grow normally. Plants on the ground can develop normally at a low temperature of about 6 degrees, so the surrounding temperature should be strictly controlled in the process of planting spinach, so that the growth of spinach is in the most suitable environment, promote growth, and prevent problems caused by temperature discomfort.

2) Lighting. Spinach needs a long time of light during the growth process, because the differentiation of flower buds is directly related to the time and intensity of light. Long light time and high intensity are conducive to the differentiation of flower buds of spinach and promote flowering, pollination and fertilization.

And when promoting the splitting of flower buds, it is necessary not only to ensure light, but also to keep it in a low temperature state as much as possible. When the flower buds are differentiated, increasing the temperature and maintaining the light time can promote the flowering of spinach. As the pollination rate increases, the growth capacity of spinach will become stronger, and the quality and yield will further increase.

3) Moisture. Spinach is a vegetable that requires a lot of water. Because spinach has large leaves, soft and sufficient water, and has many organs that need water.

Therefore, in the planting process, it is necessary to ensure that there is sufficient water in the field, as insufficient moisture will lead to short and thin spinach plants, reduce yield, poor quality, and low commodity value. If it is exposed to high temperature and no water for a long time, the growth of spinach will be inhibited, and the reproductive growth rate cannot be controlled, resulting in the phenomenon of unripe sprouts in spinach. During the planting process, the air humidity of spinach should be kept at about 85%, and the soil moisture should not be lower than 70%.

4. Soil. Spinach is not very demanding on the soil, it can quickly adapt to a variety of different soils and grow normally, but the yield and quality will also vary to a certain extent. Therefore, if you want to grow high-yield and high-quality spinach, you still have to choose a soil with high fertility, loose and strong fertilizer and water retention ability.

Pay attention to the pH value of the soil, the alkaline soil is conducive to the growth of spinach, and too acidic will cause spinach to not grow. Spinach has a strong growth capacity, so we need to increase the nitrogen fertilizer content in the soil to promote the growth of spinach.

Spinach growth habits.

Spinach is relatively hardy and grows at a suitable temperature of 15-20. If it is above 25, it will grow poorly. Spinach is a long-day crop, so it needs plenty of light during its growth.

Features of the appearance of spinach.

Spinach grows to 1 meter tall and has conical, red, with a small amount of white; The leaves of spinach are oval in shape and bright green in color, plump, tender, and juicy.

Environmental conditions for the growth of spinach.

Spinach is suitable for growing in a warm environment and also needs a long time of light, which is conducive to the differentiation of flower buds. In addition, the growing environment should have sufficient water, preferably soil with high fertility, loose soil, and strong fertilizer and water retention capacity.

Spinach growth process.

Seed stage. It is the seed stage of spinach from the fertilization of the maternal egg cell, seed formation, seed maturity, seed dormancy to seed germination.

Vegetative growth period.

From the beginning of seed germination, the cotyledons and other true leaves appear and grow one after another, until the stage when the seedlings differentiate into flower buds is the vegetative growth stage.

Reproductive growth period.

The reproductive growth period of spinach is from flower bud differentiation to heading, seedling, flowering, and seed maturity.

Potted spinach farming essentials.

Select the seed. Before planting potted spinach, you can soak the spinach seeds in warm water for about 20 minutes and then sow them to promote germination.

Select the soil. Potted spinach needs to be planted in a larger container with loose and breathable soil.

Watering and fertilizing. When watering potted spinach, be sure to control the amount of watering, not too much and not too little; Fertilization is done with organic fertilizer.

The amount of sowing affects the cold tolerance and yield of the plant. When the sowing amount is too large, the seedlings are dense, the root development is limited, the aboveground part is overgrown with weeds and yellow, the cold resistance is poor, and the seedling death rate is high. At the same time, overgrown plants sprout and bloom when they do not grow the following spring, and both yield and quality decrease.

When the sowing rate is too low, the leaves are too open, the upper and lower leaves overlap, the light-receiving area is reduced, and the plant growth is slow. Although the weight of a single plant is higher than that of dense planting, the total yield is not high due to the small number of plants per unit area. The appropriate seeding rate standard is:

After emergence, the light receiving attitude of a single plant is good, each leaf can fully receive sunlight, the root system is developed, the single plant can be fully developed, and the group yield is also high. Sheds that do not remove the old film can be used effectively. The greenhouse film is covered with a shade net to prevent the weather temperature from being too high, and it is also covered with an insect net, which can effectively prevent aphids and gray planthoppers from entering the greenhouse, does not affect ventilation, and can safely isolate toxic vectors from entering the greenhouse.

Spinach has thick roots, deep soil, and easy water absorption. The requirements for soil are high, and it is generally necessary to choose high-quality soil with fertile soil and strong drainage. If possible, adding a little coarse sand or soot to the soil can improve the permeability of the soil and facilitate the rooting of seeds later without affecting the growth of spinach.

The survival rate of spinach cultivation depends mainly on the quality of the seeds. When planting, it is necessary to ensure that the seeds are still within the shelf life. If the expiration date is exceeded, the germination rate will be low.

Depending on the local temperature, the seed variety can be chosen. If the temperature is high, you can choose a heat-resistant variety. If the temperature is low, you can choose a cold-tolerant variety.

Of course, the better the quality of the seeds, the higher the germination rate.

You can pour a little water after sowing, remember not to pour too much. Summer and autumn sowing should be covered with straw or shade nets to avoid the influence of sun intensity on seed development and keep the soil warm and moist. Spinach sown in winter and spring is usually covered with plastic film to maintain temperature and promote seed development.

Spinach grows fast and generally sprouts about seven days after sowing. When it grows real leaves, it needs to be cleaned with water to provide nutrients for spinach growth. Fertilization should generally start with a thinner fertilizer and then apply more fertilizer.

Spinach is generally fertilized with farmhouse fertilizer, and urea can be applied once after it grows to more than ten centimeters. Spinach is rich in iron and is helpful for people with iron deficiency anemia. Especially when women menstruate, eating more spinach is of great help to the body.

Spinach is suitable for growing in an environment with a temperature of 20-26 degrees, when breeding spinach, if the ambient temperature is lower than 0 degrees, it will cause the plant to be frostbitten, at this time, it is necessary to use plastic film to cover the spinach, and if the ambient temperature is higher than 36 degrees, it will cause spinach to be suffocated, and it needs to be sprayed with water to cool down.

It must be physically cooled, it must be watered more, and then sprinkler irrigation must be used, so that the temperature of the greenhouse will come down.

We should water the spinach and lower the temperature of the spinach so that the spinach will grow well.

A greenhouse can be built so that the temperature inside the greenhouse is not so high.

Spinach is an annual plant in the Chenopodaceae family, and spinach is native to Saudi Arabia. Spinach is a low-temperature resistant vegetable and fruit, with short growth period, strong adaptability and high production, and is the main vegetable and fruit in winter and spring. Nutritious, delicious and one of the main leafy greens.

Spinach has a wide range of adaptability, plant sizes can be eaten, can be planted all year round, can be supplied for anniversaries, spinach is mainly dominated by autumn seeds, sowing from mid to late August to early to mid October. In order to better increase the delivery time, installment sowing is often used in manufacturing. Spring spinach was planted from January to April, summer spinach was planted from May to July, and autumn spinach and winter spinach were planted from August to December.

It is seed treatment, the seeds of spinach have thorns, often many seeds stick together, the exocarp of spinach seeds is hard and solid and rotular, the water is not easy to permeabilize, and the seedling rate of spinach is harmed, the seeds and the soil layer are not tight, the spinach exocarp is harder and thicker, the water absorption is poor, and the germination is slow, therefore, in order to deal with the problem of low germination rate of spinach seeds, it is necessary to beat with a stick before sowing, and the seed exocarp is smashed and rubbed to dissipate the thorns. After soaking the seeds in cold water for 12-24 hours, scoop them up with a damp cloth bag to promote teeth at room temperature, and sow seeds after 3-5 days of leakage.

It is selected to sow at a suitable temperature standard, the minimum temperature of spinach seed germination is 4, the optimal temperature is 15-20, under the appropriate temperature standard, spinach seeds germinate quickly, and the seedling rate can exceed 90%. When the ambient temperature reaches 35, the emergence rate is less than 20%, therefore, spinach sowing must be selected above 4 and 25 key sowing can improve the germination rate of spinach. It is the selection of planting soil, the soil pH of spinach planting is 6-7, if the soil layer pH is lower, the seed germination is not uniform.

Spring spinach is generally sown at the average temperature of 4-5 in spring, and spring spinach is generally planted in 1-4 months, and it is sown early and <> in warm areas

In general, the seeds are sown around the time of Qingming. The temperature of spring spinach is low in the early stage, the germination of seeds is slow, the temperature rises in the middle and late stages, the sunshine increases, the nutrient growth period of spinach is short, the number of spinach leaves is small, it is very easy to sprout, and the production is low. Spring spinach because of the short growth period, to choose the round leaf spinach species planting, before sowing to carry out soaking seeds to promote teeth, sowing method to choose wet sowing method, that is, before sowing water, water infiltration after laying a layer of subsoil, and then sowing and covering the soil, this kind of sowing method is beneficial to maintain the soil layer moist and promote the excavation of seedlings.

Increase the sowing amount, and the sowing amount of 1 mu is around 7 kg. Because the spring spinach growth period is short, when about 10 days after germination, you have to see the seedling fertilization, promote the growth and development of the seedlings, 1 mu of urea solution 15 kg or so, and then top dressing 1-2 times, while maintaining the soil layer moist. In the spring, the weeds in the field grow and develop relatively quicklyAfter budding, hoeing should be carried out in time.

Spinach plants are 15-18 cm tall and can be picked when the leaves are sufficient. Picking is carried out in batches, first evenly remove a part of the large seedlings, and continue to fertilize the remaining part of the weak seedlings, and then pick them when they grow up.