The establishment of Athenian culture? What were the reforms in Athens?

In the 5th century BC, ancient Greece entered the classical era, and each city-state established its own culture, especially Athens. At that time, Athens was culturally proud of the Aegean Sea, and a large number of philosophers, writers, sculptors, etc., whose ideas and achievements laid the foundation of later European civilization.

The special economic foundation and superior political conditions were the main reasons for the prosperity of Athenian culture in the classical era. At that time, Athens was rich and politically well-connected, and every Athenian citizen was confident and open-minded, and the relaxed environment attracted a large number of excellent Greeks.

Material abundance, open-mindedness, a strong spirit of exploration, a democratic form of government, and a free environment have made the Athenians develop philosophy, literature, historiography, and art to a breathtaking degree, and the great cultural prosperity of Athens has even affected more than a thousand years later, in a sense, the Renaissance movement in Europe is to remember and resurrect the ** era of Athens, but the cultural achievements of Athens are unbeatable, and future generations are beyond the reach of the dust after all.

In the eighth century BC, city-states founded by the Greeks appeared on the Greek peninsula and on the west coast of Asia Minor. Athens is one of the most important city-states, with convenient sea transportation and developed industry and commerce. In the sixth century BC it became a famous slave republic.

The reforms in Athens were many, and here are some of the most important ones:

1.Expansion of civil rights: In terms of civil rights, Athenian reforms included progressive restrictions on the prohibition of slavery, expanding the scope of citizen participation in politics, and increasing citizen participation in the administration of law and justice.

2.Democracy: Athens was one of the earliest democracies in history, and its reform efforts focused on the improvement of democracy, including the improvement of democratic norms, procedures, and institutions, as well as the exploration of ways for citizens to participate in political decision-making.

3.Educational reforms: Athens underwent a series of educational reforms aimed at cultivating citizens' thinking skills and political participation. In this regard, Aristotle's educational theories played a positive role in the reform of Athens.

4.Judicial Reform: In order to ensure a fair and equal judicial system, Athens undertook a series of judicial reforms, including the reform of trial procedures, the selection of qualified judges and jury members, and the establishment of a supervisory mechanism for the imposition of justice.

It is important to note that the reforms mentioned here are only a part of Athens, but there are other categories and contents of reforms that together constitute the political, social, and cultural development and transformation of Athens.

1. Solon's reforms: In 594 BC, Solon was elected as the "consul and arbiter" ("chief consul") of the city-state of Athens for his prestige and merits, and began a series of economic, political, and social reform campaigns with constitutional significance.

Significance: Through these reforms, the poor citizens of Athens were freed from the threat of debt slavery, the aristocracy was dealt a blow to the late rule, and the system of the Chang brother city-state was further consolidated.

2. Cleisthenes' reform: It was in 508 BC that the Athenian statesman Cleisthenes (c. 570 BC) political and social reforms implemented.

Significance: The Christianescent reforms firmly established the democratic system in Athens and wrote the last break for the formation of Athenian democracy.

3. Pericles' Reform: Occurred in the 5th century BC.

Significance: Reform the membership and authority of the 500-member council: The members of the 500-member council selected 50 people from each of the 10 tribes to participate by drawing lots, and the group took turns to govern, responsible for convening the citizens' assembly and other affairs.

Athens is the capital of Greece and the largest city and industrial center in Greece. Located in the Attica Plain in the southeast of the Greek Peninsula. It faces the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf to the northwest and south. It is surrounded by mountains on three sides, northeast and west, and the foothills are close to the edge of the city.

Athens, which has a history of more than 5,000 years, is rich in historical sites. Ancient Athens was the source of Western culture, and the Athenians made outstanding contributions to art, philosophy, law, and science. It is said that Athens was named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom in the legendary historical story.

The northeast of the city is the political and cultural district, and the southwest and port area are the industrial and commercial districts. Athens is located in the shipping and aviation center of the Eastern Mediterranean. The outer harbor of Piraeus Sea is a collection of spokes, and almost all of them are in and out of the world.

The city is fed by the Marathon Reservoir** in the northeast, which is home to a marble dam rarely seen in the world. Athens is the center of antiquities in Greece, and many ancient cultural sites are still preserved today, and Athens is world-famous for its museums. Surrounded by mountains and seas and shining with sunshine, more than 7 million tourists from all over the world visit every year.

Athens is one of the oldest cities in Europe and even in the entire world, dating back more than 3,000 years. In 1000 BC, Athens became the core city of ancient Greece. From the late 9th century BC to the early 8th century BC, Athens had the lavish tombs of nobles, and iron and bronze production developed rapidly to the extent that it established a city-state, an early slave state.

Solon was the first consul of the city-state of Athens, and Pisistratus was his successor. During their reign, Athenian industry and commerce developed significantly. The 5th century BC became the cradle of Western culture.

In 492 BC, the Greco-Persian War broke out, and Persia was defeated in several major battles, and it was not until 449 BC that the Greco-Persian and Persian wars were concluded and the war ended. In June 431 BC, the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta broke out, which lasted more than 20 years and ended in the defeat of Athens.

Athens began to decline in the Middle Ages and was revived during the reign of the Byzantine Empire. During the Holy War, Athens prospered due to its contacts with Italy. During the Ottoman rule, Athens declined again.

In the 19th century, Athens became the capital of independent Greece. In the 1920s, due to the outbreak of war, a large number of refugees from Turkish Anatolia poured into Athens, which also allowed the population of Athens to swell. About half of the Greek population lives in Athens today.

Democratic Politics in the City-State of Athens (1) Development History1 The Greek city-state of Athens is the birthplace of democracy. 2. Development history: (1) Monarchy:

At the beginning of the civilization of ancient Greece, the monarchy (life, hereditary) was implemented. (2) Monarchy: From the 8th century BC to the 7th century BC, the aristocracy replaced the monarchy (term system, election system).

3) Democracy: In 594 BC, Solon reformed and put the country on the track of democracy. In 509 BC, Cleisthenes reformed, eventually establishing democracy in Athens.

Establishment of the "Law of Exile of Pottery Tablets") (Contents of Solon's reforms: Abolishing all debts and slavery to debts, establishing civil rights that inviolable individual liberty; the creation of a new judiciary, the People's Court, whose judges were drawn by lot from among all citizens; The establishment of a new electoral law, in particular the practice of drawing lots and differential elections, embodies the democratic principles of equal opportunity, openness and fairness; The division of citizens into ranks according to the amount of property broke with the hereditary principle of aristocracy, which emphasized birth. ）

In general: (Antiquity - Modern History).

Monarchy Ancient Athens Aristocracy Democracy (Slaves) Tyrant Peloponnesian War Second Democracy Monarchy Macedonian Conquest of Greece Aristocratic Republic Roman Republic Conquest of Greece Führer Monarchy (Imperial) Diocletian Monarchy Monarchy Byzantium Ottoman Monarchy Kingdom of Greece Democratic Republic.