How did the pinyin of Chinese characters come about? How is Hanyu Pinyin spelled?

The Hanyu Pinyin scheme can be traced back to Zhu Wenxiong's Jiangsu New Alphabet in 1906 and Liu Mengyang's Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Book in 1908, as well as Chinese Romaji in 1926 and Latinized Chinese characters in 1931. All these schemes for the Latinization of Chinese characters provided the basis for the development of Hanyu Pinyin.

Chinese characters are not pinyin scripts. In order to learn Chinese characters, ancient people created methods such as straight pronunciation and reverse cutting to annotate Chinese characters.

The straight-tone method, which prevailed in the Han Dynasty, refers to the method of marking a character with the same sound as it in a relatively easy to recognize character, such as"Cup, Yingu" "Bi, Yinbi""side, sound rebellion"。This method is simple and straightforward, and until now, people often take advantage of it. But the straight-tone method has major limitations:

If some words cannot find homophones, this method cannot be used; Although some words have homophones, they are relatively obscure, and a note is equal to no note. For example,"蹭 (cèng), 糗 (qiǔ)."There are no homophones, and it is impossible to use the straight phonetic method to phonetize; "Yes"The homophones only"Burning, worms, hair"Three words, they are all than"Yes"The word is obscure, use any of them as"Yes"The phonetics of the characters are difficult to help with reading. Later, the reverse cut method was created to make up for the shortcomings of the straight sound method.

The reverse cut method was popular in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and was popular in the Tang and Song dynasties, and refers to the phonetic method of using two words to note the sound of another character. The initials of the reverse cut word are the same as the cut word, and the reverse cut word is the same as the finals and tone of the cut word, such as"Red, Hu cage cut", that is, to take"Huh"The initials of the word"h"，"cage"The finals and tones of the word"óng", spelled together"Red"The sound of the word"hóng"。The invention of the reverse cutting method is a great progress in the phonetic method of Chinese characters in China.

From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty until the publication of the phonetic alphabet in 1918, the reverse cutting method was widely used as the main method of phonetic Chinese characters.

However, the backcut method also has its limitations. The reverse cut method is to use the method of phonology spelling for the phonetic pronunciation of Chinese characters, but there is no set of phonetic symbols that represent the rhyme, but to use two Chinese characters to form the sound of another word, the upper word only takes its sound, and the lower word only takes its rhyme, so that the rhyme of the upper word and the sound of the lower word are redundant, and sometimes the rhyme spelling will be disturbed, so that the pinyin is not accurate. Moreover, there are many and miscellaneous words used in reverse cutting, and some of them are rare words, so the effectiveness of reverse cutting is weakened.

In short, the straight and reverse cut phonetic methods in Chinese history are all based on the syllables of the entire Chinese characters, and they do not break through the limitations of the shape of Chinese characters, and the limitations are very large.

There are 21 initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, s;

There are 24 finals: the single vowels are a, o, e, i, u, v, the compound vowels are ai, ei, ui, ao, ou, iu, ie, ve, er, an, en, in, un, vn, ang, eng, ing, ong, the anterior nasal vowels an, en, in, un, vn, the post-nasal vowels ang, eng, ing, ong;

Recognize syllables as a whole: zhi, chi, shi, ri, zi, ci, si, yi, wu, yu, ye, yue, yin, yun, yuan, ying.

Hanyu Pinyin is a pinyin scheme for spelling the standard language of the Han people.

Hanyu Pinyin is based on the Beijing phonetic system as the phonetic standard. Beijing Yin is also a typical representative of the most extensive and populous northern dialect in China.

The Hanyu Pinyin Scheme, which explains the use and standards of Hanyu Pinyin, is the national standard for the Chinese Pinyin script scheme and the international standard prescribed by the United Nations for spelling slippery Chinese names and special words. It is the legal pinyin scheme of the People's Republic of China, and is the international standard for spelling special nouns and words related to China in the world literature work. On February 11, 1958, the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress officially passed the "Hanyu Pinyin Fang Xinqing Concession Case" and approved its promulgation.

The pinyin is as follows:齉pinyin: nàng. Initial: n, final: ang, tone: fourth tone.

龘Pinyin: dá. Initial: n, vowel: a, tone: second tone.

Pinyin: yà. Initial: y, final: a, tone: fourth tone.

爩pinyin: yù. Initial: y, finals: u, tone: fourth tone.

麤pinyin: cū. Initial: c, final: u, tone: first tone.

龗Pinyin: líng. Initial: l, final: ing, tone: second tone.

灪pinyin: yù. Initial: y, finals: u, tone: fourth tone.

龖pinyin: dá. Initial: d, final: a, tone: second.

厵pinyin: yuán. Initial: y, consonant: u, final: an, tone: second tone.

Pinyin: liàn. Initial: l, consonant: i, final: an, tone: fourth tone.

虋pinyin: mén. Initials: m, finals: en, tones: second tones.

Generalized variants:Chinese characters with the same pronunciation and meaning but different ways of writing.

For example, in the sentence "'a' and 'b' are variants of each other", "a" and "b" are both generalized variants, regardless of which one is orthography.

Sometimes the concept of variant characters also includes words that are often borrowed or even can be used universally.

The concept of variant characters is usually variant characters in a narrow sense. For example, "考" is a variant of "old", "阬" is a variant of "pit", and "Feng" is a variant of "peak".

Variants can be further divided into "complete variants" (which have the same pronunciation and meaning in any case) and "partial variants" (which are only interrelated in certain circumstances).

The pronunciation of 龘靐齉爩齾爩麤灪龖 is as follows:

1. 龘: pronunciation (dá).

Three traditional dragons are layered to describe the appearance of the dragon taking off.

2. 靐: pronunciation (bìng).

The meaning of thunder. 靐 is a rare Chinese character and non-standard Chinese character, but since the "thunder" people in Ranstool Town became popular on the Internet, "靐" has been applied to Internet terms, and it has been derived from the meaning of "thunder".

3. 齉: pronunciation (nàng).

It refers to the lack of breath and slurred pronunciation of the nose caused by colds, etc. "Saying the text and interpreting the words. Nose": "Yellow, sick and cold nose is also suffocated." From the nose, the sac sounds. ”

4. 爩: pronunciation (yù).

It is used to describe smoke coming out, smoke coming out, and smoke is not common because it is also used less frequently.

5. 齾: pronunciation (yà).

The basic word is in the rough sense of what the beast eats; In addition, it can be used as a noun and a verb, when it is a noun, it refers to a missing tooth, and when it is a verb, it refers to a defect or frustration of the object.

6. 麤: pronunciation (cū).

Same as "coarse", generally pointing out the line. "Saying Wen Interpreting Words": The line is super far.

7. 灪: pronunciation (yù).

Gao Jun, such as "Peng Shui 灪灪."

8. 龖: pronunciation (dá).

It is composed of two traditional dragon characters, which when used as a noun to indicate a double dragon, and when used as an adjective, it means the appearance of a dragon soaring.

Origin of Chinese characters:

Regarding the origin of Chinese characters, there are different views in the eyes of various scholars, but at present, the more recognized views are knotted rope theory, gossip theory, carved deed theory, Cangjie word creation theory, carving theory and picture theory, among which Cangjie word creation theory is known to the public, and it is also the most convincing statement of the public, and it is rumored that Cangjie made words for mutual communication between alliances.

Therefore, some scholars believe that Chinese characters are a symbol extended by the ancients according to the knotted rope in order to make it easier to remember, because the knot can not clearly indicate what they have done, and after a long time, the ancients will forget the reason for the knotting at that time, so they have made improvements on the basis of the knot.

In addition, the inscription theory is a comparative investigation of Mr. Guo Moruo's Banpo pottery and Yin Shang oracle bone inscriptions, and it is believed that the early writing can be divided into two major systems in terms of structure, carving and drawing, and the known archaeological data are coarse, and China has a formal script at least in the Yuxia period, so the origin of these Chinese characters should come from the inscription, it is said that there are more than 50 kinds, and have simple writing characteristics.