High School History Questions ,, Song Dynasty Commodity Experience Discovery Causes

The economic center of gravity has shifted southward to complete the performance (including the Maritime Silk Road):

Agriculture: New technologies – improvement of paddy field tools, maturation of agricultural farming techniques and promotion of rice-wheat rotation.

New land – population pressure has led to the massive reclamation of cultivated land: polders, sand fields, terraces.

Rice became the number one food crop in the country.

Region-Taihu Lake Basin has become the granary of the country.

Cash Crops - Cotton, Tea and Other Cash Crops Cultivation in the South is Widespread The center of sericulture has also moved from the north to the south.

Handicrafts: textiles - Hangzhou, Suzhou, Chengdu have government-run silk weaving workshops; There are private workshops in Jiangsu and Zhejiang - "machine households"; Cotton cultivation spread from Hainan, Fujian and Guangzhou to the south of the Yangtze River; Hainan has developed more advanced textile tools.

Porcelain - Jingdezhen has become a national porcelain center;

Shipbuilding - The shipbuilding industry on the southeast coast is well developed, and the shipbuilding technology is leading in the world.

Commerce: The rise of the "Maritime Silk Road" and the development of foreign countries.

Overview: During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were more than 50 countries that came to trade by sea; Guangzhou, Mingzhou and Quanzhou are the three major foreign trade ports: the government has set up a municipal shipping department in the port to manage first-class affairs and collect commercial taxes; In the port where the shipping company is located, there is also a "Fanfang" for foreigners to live in and a "Fanshi" for the trading of goods; Due to the fact that the first commodities were mainly spices, silk fabrics and porcelain, people called the maritime trade routes of the Song Dynasty "Maritime Silk Road" or "Spice Road".

Starting from Quanzhou, it has access to Japan, Goryeo, Southeast Asia, India, Persia and Arabia, as well as Northeast Africa.

The development of agro-handicrafts, the increase in productivity. The commodity market breaks the boundaries of the market, and the market economy breaks the limitations of time and geography.

I don't quite understand the meaning of the phrase commodity experience discovery, is it economic development?

There are many reasons for the economic development of the Song Dynasty, one is that the Song Dynasty attaches more importance to commerce, the second is that the navigation technology promoted the Maritime Silk Road, and the third is that the Song Dynasty saw less war in the south, and a large number of northern immigrants promoted the development of the south.

The Song Dynasty was an era when the people were rich and the country was poor, because the state attached great importance to the development of agriculture and commerce.

Main performance: the prosperity of the city, completely breaking the boundary between "city" and "square", and commercial activities are not limited by time. The variety of commodities exchanged increased, and many agricultural and sideline products and handicrafts began to turn to the market. Paper money appeared. Overseas ** developed.

Fundamental reason: During the Song Dynasty, the scientific and technological level of social productive forces was greatly improved.

The economic prosperity of the Song Dynasty was unprecedented, with significant developments in agriculture, printing, papermaking, silk weaving, and porcelain. The maritime industry and shipbuilding industry have made outstanding achievements, and the overseas industry is developed, and it has trade with more than 50 countries in the South Pacific, the Middle East, Africa, Europe and other regions. The large-scale development of the south in the Song Dynasty led to the southward shift of the economic center.

I think there are four reasons for this: First, agriculture is developed. Food is abundant, allowing more people to pursue careers outside of agriculture. It has caused the phenomenon of urbanization, and a large number of migrant workers have entered the city, driving the development of the city.

Second, the rapid development of the city, due to the development of agriculture mentioned above, the rapid expansion of the city, and the prosperity of the city's cultural camera, so the functions of the city are highlighted, for example, the most important industries of the city are handicrafts and industrial and commercial services. Because of the development of these industries, promote the development of the city, and because of the gradual development of the city, the above industries are needed to meet the needs of the people. As a result, the Song Dynasty entered into a benign interaction between commerce and urban development.

Thirdly, at sea **. Due to the loss of the sixteen states of Youyun before the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, the country had no danger to defend the Khitan and other countries or tribes in the north, and the trade routes to Central Asia, West Asia, and Europe through Mongolia (Khitan obstruction) or Hexi Corridor (Western Xia obstruction) in the north were all difficult to take. (It's not that you can't go, it's not easy to go, because you have to pay taxes through other countries, and it's easy to be deducted) so you can only communicate better with foreign countries by water.

Fortunately, the shipbuilding industry in the Song Dynasty was developed, and after the waterway was unblocked, it was natural to communicate with foreign countries, which promoted the commercial development of the Song Dynasty.

Fourth, the Northern Song Dynasty attached great importance to culture and education. Education is the slowest to be effective in the development of a country, but it is also the most effective. The country has a well-developed education, and it is natural that there will be specialized disciplines to train a variety of different talents.

That's why science and technology can be developed. As a result, 6 of the eight families of the Tang and Song dynasties came from the Northern Song Dynasty, so the imperial examination became the style of the world, and the book publishing industry developed rapidly. In order to satisfy everyone's desire to read, it is necessary to publish more books, and it is necessary to improve printing.

So printing became movable type.

The development of the commodity economy, the turmoil of the war, Song ** had no intention of restricting the development of the commodity economy and encouraging its development to solve the financial crisis. Secondly, with the emergence of grass markets and night markets, the limitations of time and space have also been broken. The Southern Song Dynasty was unprecedentedly prosperous, and a large number of northern territories were occupied, making merchants look for trade routes, and the sea became the best way, making the commodity economy more prosperous.

Bianjing, Lin'an, Hangzhou and other cities were the most prosperous metropolises at that time.

The 1-year-old coin refers to the money and goods that the imperial court sends to foreign clans every year.

It started with the "Abyss Alliance".

2 Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng, the Northern Dynasty refers to Liao.

3 Covenant "The Alliance of Lanyuan" In 1004 AD, the Empress Dowager Xiao of the Liao Dynasty and the Liao Shengzong personally led an army of 200,000 to the south, and the vanguard had arrived in Lanzhou.

So the Song and Liao sides reached a peace agreement and signed an alliance.

Comment: For Liao, the alliance of the Yuan not only allowed the Liao soldiers to escape safely, but also obtained the New Year's coin; For the Northern Song Dynasty, the alliance was a humiliating peace treaty, and the New Year's coin became a heavy burden for the people of the Northern Song Dynasty.

However, judging from the history of the development of the entire Chinese nation, the conclusion of the alliance has its positive side: it ended the decades-long war between the Liao and Song dynasties, and the Liao-Song border was in a state of relative peace and stability for a long time.

In the long run, it will be conducive to the development and reunification of our multi-ethnic country.

4 Northern Song Dynasty, Warring States (the Six Kingdoms tried to bribe Qin to resist its offensive, but in the end Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms and ruled the world).

5 The purpose of Su Xun's writing was not to summarize the lessons of the fall of the Six Kingdoms, but to use the past and the present to warn the rulers of the Song Dynasty not to follow the mistakes of the fall of the Six Kingdoms.

His intention was to point out that bribing Qin was the cause of the fall of the Six Kingdoms, so as to warn the rulers of the Song Dynasty not to use bribery methods to treat the Khitan and Western Xia, but to use force and resist.

Contact: In the first year of Zhenzong Jingde (1004), the Liao army pressed the border and approached the city of Shanzhou (now Puyang, Henan), threatening Bianjing Kaifeng.

As a result, Song and Liao signed the "Alliance of Yuanyuan", promising to send 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 horses of silk to Liao, that is, the covenant mentioned by the material Yifeng Xiao.

In the second year of Renzong's orange base Yunqing calendar (1042), Liao threatened again, and Song had to increase the amount of currency and silver by 100,000 taels and silk by 100,000 horses.

In the second year (1043), Western Xia also came to ask for it, and gave 100,000 taels of silver, 100,000 horses of silk, and 30,000 catties of tea.

The blood and sweat of the people are wasted in this kind of gift.

Su Xun was heartbroken by this, he used the past as a metaphor for the present, arrogantly and unscrupulously, bitterly stated the pros and cons, and persuaded those who were in power, hoping that they would change their ways, enhance their national strength, and fight against the enemy.

That's the purpose of Material Two.

In the Song Dynasty, agriculture was greatly developed, and the handicraft industry also made great progress. During the Song Dynasty, a large number of bazaars appeared around cities and near rural transportation arteries, gradually forming large and small towns, which greatly promoted the prosperity of urban commerce. In the Song Dynasty, paper money "Jiaozi" and "Huizi" also appeared successively, which facilitated commercial activities to a large extent.

Pinqiao Song **encourages overseas**, which also promotes the prosperity of business.

1 North-South crop exchanges, and the strengthening of commercialization of agricultural products, such as the expansion of tea cultivation area, cotton planting and promotion. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the economic center of gravity shifted to the south;

2 The scale of handicraft production has been further developed. In the Song Dynasty, the production technology was in the leading position in the world, and the handicraft production center appeared, and the handicraft industries of various ethnic minorities had their own national characteristics;

3 The commodity economy was active, paper money appeared in the Song Dynasty, the commercial and trade ties between various regimes were strengthened, the Yuan transportation was unprecedentedly developed, and commerce was prosperous;

4. Foreign trade is frequent. Song set up the city of Bosi, Yuan's foreign trade port is world-famous.

It can be supplemented with the Qingming Riverside Map as a physical historical material.

The picture of the river during the Qingming Dynasty is centimeters wide and centimeters long, and it is colored on silk. In the form of a long scroll and the use of scattered perspective composition, the work vividly records the urban appearance of Dongjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty (also known as Bianjing, now Kaifeng, Henan) and the living conditions of people of all social strata at that time, in the 12th century.

The American scholar Stavrianos wrote in his General History of the World: "The Song Dynasty is remarkable for the fact that there was a veritable commercial revolution ......The root cause is the significant increase in the productivity of China's economy. The steady development of technology has increased the output ...... of traditional industriesThe rapid development of economic activity has also increased the volume, and for the first time in China, there has been a large ...... that is mainly business-oriented rather than administrativeEspecially in the Song Dynasty, the amount of foreign affairs far exceeded that of any previous period.

The famous book "China: Tradition and Change" written by the American sinology magnate Fairbank (co-authored with Ryschauer) is the title of the Song Dynasty's economy, which is "Commercial Revolution." They wrote:

China's economic development, especially in business, may be rightly called China's 'business revolution'. This rapid development led to a significantly higher level of economic development in China than before, and produced an economic and social model that remained unchanged in many respects until the 19th century. ”

The main characteristics of commercial change in the Song Dynasty are: 1The opening of the Maritime Silk Road.

In the Song Dynasty, large ships carrying hundreds of thousands of stones appeared, and porcelain and silk were traded with Southeast Asia and even Europe. Commerce has developed from inland to marine. 2.

The advent and mass use of banknotes and credit notes. Currencies include jiaozi, huizi, etc., and credit notes for local delivery and remote withdrawals include banknotes (salt banknotes, tea notes, etc.). 3.

The emergence of package buyers. In the Song Dynasty, there was a phenomenon that the textile households paid in advance, and the products were sold to the merchants after weaving, and there were also merchants in agriculture who paid a deposit to the fruit farmers, and the merchants bought the fruit when it was ripe. This phenomenon only emerged in the West after the embryonic capitalism.

4.The collapse of the classical municipal system and the establishment of the modern municipal system. The city has changed from the separation of fang (residential area) and city (market) to the pattern of integration of fang and city, and the market has changed from closed to open, and time and space are no longer limited.

As a result, the city's citizen class and guild organization were formed. 5。A large number of towns and cities around large cities have emerged, forming a multi-level market structure with large cities as the center, water and land transportation lines as the network, and towns and villages as the network junctions.