The main functions of mitochondria, what are the 5 functions of mitochondria?

Reductive molecules such as NADH and FADH2 (the reducing equivalent in the cytoplasmic matrix can enter the electron transport chain from the malic acid-aspartate shuttle system composed of retrotransporters or through the phosphoglycerol shuttle) undergo several reactions in the electron transport chain to finally reduce oxygen and release energy, part of which is used to generate ATP, and the rest is lost as heat energy. **Enzyme complexes on the inner membrane of the mitochondria (NADH-ubiquinone reductase, ubiquinone-cytochrome C reductase, cytochrome C oxidase) use the energy released during the process to pump protons into the mitochondrial membrane space in reverse concentration. Although this process is efficient, there are still a small number of electrons that prematurely reduce oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, which can cause oxidative stress and degrade mitochondrial performance.

When protons are pumped into the mitochondrial membrane space, an electrochemical gradient is established on both sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the protons tend to diffuse along the concentration gradient. The only diffusion channel for protons is ATP synthase (respiratory chain complex V). When protons return to the mitochondrial matrix from the membrane space through the complex, the potential energy is used by ATP synthase to synthesize ADP and phosphoric acid into ATP.

This process is known as "chemiosmosis" and is an assisted diffusion. Peter Mitchell was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for proposing this hypothesis. The 1997 Nobel laureates Paul Boyer and John Wacker elucidated the mechanism of ATP synthase.

In addition to the main functions such as synthesizing ATP to provide energy to cells, mitochondria also undertake many other physiological functions.

Regulate membrane potential and control programmed cell death: When a permeable transition pore composed of hexokinase (cytoplasmic matrix protein), peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, voltage-dependent anion channels (mitochondrial outer membrane protein), creatine kinase (mitochondrial membrane interstitial protein), ADP-ATP vector (mitochondrial inner membrane protein) and cyclophilin D (mitochondrial matrix protein) is generated at the contact site between the inner mitochondrial membrane and the outer membrane, the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane will be improved. Causes dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which leads to apoptosis. Increased mitochondrial membrane permeability can also release molecules such as apoptotic factors (AIFs) into the cytoplasmic matrix and disrupt cell structure.

regulation of cell proliferation and cell metabolism;

Synthesis of cholesterol and certain hemes.

Some of the functions of mitochondria can only be exhibited in specific tissue cells. For example, only mitochondria in liver cells have the function of detoxifying poisoning caused by ammonia gas, a waste product produced during protein metabolism.

What is the role of mitochondria.

Inventory of the five major functions of mitochondria.

Mitochondria. 5 functions: energy conversion, tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Oxidative phosphorylation, storage of calcium ions, regulation of membrane potential, and control of programmed cell death.

Mitochondria are eukaryotic organisms.

Oxidative metabolism takes place in sugars, fats, and amino acids.

The site where energy is finally released by oxidation. The common pathway for the final oxidation of mitochondria is the tricarboxylic acid cycle of spike and oxidative phosphorylation, which correspond to the first part of aerobic respiration, respectively.

Phase 2 and 3. Glycolytic detoxification done in the cytoplasmic matrix.

and the tricarboxylic acid cycle completed in the ** strophinic matrix will produce high-energy molecules such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide, and the role of oxidative phosphorylation is to use these substances to reduce oxygen and release energy to synthesize ATP.

Energy conversion: Mitochondria are the site of oxidative metabolism in eukaryotes, and are the site of the eventual oxidation of sugars, fats, and amino acids to release energy. The common pathway for the final oxidation that mitochondria are responsible for is the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which correspond to the first part of aerobic respiration, respectively.

Phase 2 and 3. The glycolysis completed in the cytoplasmic matrix and the tricarboxylic acid cycle completed in the ** chondrial matrix produce high-energy molecules such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide, and the role of oxidative phosphorylation is to use these substances to reduce oxygen and release energy to synthesize ATP.

During aerobic respiration, 1 molecule guesses or bonds glucose.

After the energy is released by glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, 30 32 molecules of ATP can be produced.

Mitochondria mainly have the functions of energy conversion, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, storage of calcium ions, regulation of membrane potential and control of cell program Shankai death, mitochondria is the site that directly uses oxygen to make energy, the oxygen inhaled into the body is consumed by mitochondria, mitochondrial damage exceeds a certain limit, and Xiangchen cells will age and die Organisms are always calling for new cells to replace senescent cells to maintain the continuation of life, and increasing mitochondria can improve metabolism and delay aging. My use of Palovid can replenish mitochondria, increase energy, and improve physical fitness.

The common 5 functions are 1: energy conversion, mitochondria are the site of the final oxidation and release of energy from sugars, fats, and amino acids. 2. Participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

3. Oxidative phosphorylation is used to generate and store calcium ions. 5. Regulate the potential of membrane pins and control the programmed death of cells. Studies have proved that Shouchang mitochondria play a very important role in the aging of the body, so there are now anti-aging products on the market that specialize in improving mitochondria.

The main role of mitochondria is to supply energy, it is the main place for aerobic respiration to produce energy, and the energy converter of plant cells is chloroplast and mitochondria. Its five functions are energy conversion, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, storage of calcium ions, regulation of membrane potential and control of cell programming or pretend to die As we age, the number of mitochondria decreases, the function deteriorates, and the aging of the body will also intensify, after the age of 30, people need to carry out body anti-aging, I recommend you to learn about this product, which can target mitochondrial anti-aging, increase mitochondrial production capacity, and enhance mitochondrial function. The improvement of energy and sleep is very obvious, and the effect is often good, so if you are interested, you can take a look.

The 5 functions of mitochondria: energy conversion, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, storage of calcium ions, trace search to regulate membrane potential and control of cell programmed death, is an important component of the human body, mitochondrial aging is very important to a large extent, so mitochondrial anti-aging is particularly important, it is recommended to use the Japanese Boaozhen Palowei Pro, which can improve mitochondrial function very well, and at the same time resist aging can be accelerated to understand.

Inventory of mitochondria Kai Tangerine's five major achievements can be discussed.

Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes, including the outer membrane, the inner membrane, the membrane interstitial space and the matrix.

1. The outer membrane contains 40% lipids and 60% proteins, and has a hydrophilic channel composed of porin, allowing molecules with a molecular weight of less than 5kd to pass through, and molecules below 1kd to pass freely. The marker enzyme is monoamine oxidase.

2. The inner membrane contains more than 100 kinds of polypeptides, and the ratio of proteins and lipids is higher than 3:1High levels of cardiolipin (up to 20%), lack of cholesterol, similar to bacteria.

Permeability is low, allowing only small molecules that are not charged, and special transport systems are required for large molecules and ions to pass through the inner membrane. For example, pyruvate and pyrophosphate are transported collaboratively using an H+ gradient.

The electron transport chain of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is located in the inner membrane, so the inner membrane plays a major role in energy conversion. The hallmark enzyme of the inner membrane is cytochrome C oxygen reporterase.

3. The membrane gap is the cavity between the inner and outer membranes, extending to the axis of the crest, and the cavity is about 6-8nm wideSince the outer membrane has a large number of hydrophilic pores that communicate with the cytoplasm, the pH value of the intermembrane cover is similar to that of the cytoplasm. The marker enzyme is adenylate kinase.

4. The matrix is the space surrounded by the intima and the crest. Except for glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm, other biological oxidative processes are carried out in the first chondrium. The enzymes that catalyze the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acids and pyruvate oxidation are located in the matrix, and their signature enzyme is malate dehydrogenase.

The matrix has a complete transcription and translation system. Including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 70S ribosomes, tRNAs, RRNA, DNA polymerase, amino acid-activating enzymes, etc. The matrix also contains filaments and dense granular matter with high electron density, including Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and other ions.