What is the Ida system, and why did its collapse affect Zhou Tianzi?

The so-calledIda systemIt is to divide the field into nine fields in the shape of a "well", the middle one is for the nobles, and the surrounding ones are for ordinary farmersThe collapse of the Ida system meant that the rule of the upper strata of society over the lower strata had become unstable at that time, so let's let it goZhou Tianziwas affected. In the well field system, all the fields are cultivated by the peasants, but the middle piece of the nobleman's field is the largest and most fertile, and the peasants need to finish cultivating the nobleman's field before they can return to their own fields for cultivation. At harvest time, the same is true, that is to say, everything takes precedence over the nobility.

Originally, there was no problem with the well field system, but after the world stabilized, there was still a lot of fertile land to be developed between heaven and earth, but no one was going to open it up. Why? Because it's not good to distribute.

If the newly developed land is owned by the aristocracy, then the common people are working in vain.

Nobody wants to do it. If the newly opened fields belonged to the common people themselves, then the interests of the nobles would be damaged, and if they did not agree, they would not let the common people open up. As a result, the exploitation of the land was restricted.

However, without the development of new land, the country's economic development will be constrained. After all, at that time, agriculture was still the main economy. This kind of endless cycle shows the disadvantages of the Ida system.

Later Zheng Guo. A new system has been introduced, which is the payment of taxes. In the past, when the well field system was used, the people only cleaned up the land of the nobles first, and then went back to cultivating their own, but the income was their own.

When it came to the reform of Zheng Guo, the common people no longer had to work for the nobles, as long as they did it themselves, they could get the harvest, but they needed to pay part of it to the state. At the time, taxes were not heavy and people were more embracing of this approach. Moreover, this greatly encouraged the peasants' enthusiasm for spontaneous land development, and the state also benefited from it.

But reform means sacrifice, the collapse of the Jingtian system has made Zhou Tianzi's status in people's hearts decline, people are no longer doing things, they always take "**" first, take the nobility first, so the image of the Son of Heaven has virtually reduced its influence in people's hearts.

The well field system is to divide the cultivated land into multiple square fields, with a boundary around it and a ditch in the middle, like a tic-tac-toe. One person cultivates about 100 acres. 100 acres is called "One Field". Its collapse made the people very sad and lost their enthusiasm for labor, so it affected Zhou Tianzi.

The Jingtian system was a land system at that time, and the land was divided into tic-tac-toe shapes and belonged to the king of Zhou, which led to the collapse of the Jingtian system later affecting the king of Zhou.

Because the collapse of the Jingtian system represents the gradual disintegration of blood kinship ties, which is fatal for the Zhou Dynasty, which pays attention to "everyone is related to his own relatives".

Ida system: The land is divided into nine plots, with the middle being public land and the remaining eight being private fields. The ownership of the land belongs to the village community, not to the individual. Zhou Tianzi's power gradually declined, he lost control of the land, and later the Jingtian system was gradually dismantled.

The material factor for the gradual collapse of the well field system is the increase in the level of productivity.

The use of iron tools and the spread of ox farming mentioned in the title were signs of increased productivity at that time.

The well-field system was the form of public ownership of land before the Spring and Autumn Period in China. A well field is a square field. The word "well field" was first seen in the "15th year of Gu Liang Biography Xuan Gong": "The ancients are 300 steps away, and the name is Jing Tian", "Jing Tian, 900 acres, and the public field is one." ”

The Xia Dynasty once practiced the well field system. The Shang Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty came from the Xia. By the time of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it had been fully developed. In the Spring and Autumn period, due to the spread of iron farming tools and ox farming, the well field system gradually collapsed.

In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to extract additional surplus labor from the common people, the common people were forced to reclaim the vacant land outside the well fields. The fields reclaimed in this way are private property that is hidden from the public office and does not pay taxes, and is called private land. The inscription of Ge Bo Gui during the reign of King Gong of Zhou records that Ge Bo exchanged four horses for 30 acres of land, which is clear evidence, because public land is not allowed to be exchanged.

By the end of the Western Weekend, the existence of private land had become quite significant, and there were also records of fighting for land and exchanging land.

The desire of the nobles for private ownership of land continued to grow, and by the time of King You of Zhou, even the public land was trying to be taken for themselves. The king of Zhou took the public land from the nobles as before, which caused strong dissatisfaction among the nobles. "The Book of Songs, Daya, Zhan Mao" records the complaints of the nobles at that time:

A man has a field, but you have it; The people have the people, and you will take them again. ”

By the Spring and Autumn Period, the use of iron tools and the spread of cattle ploughing led to a sharp increase in private land. The princes and doctors became rich. The king of Zhou could not control the fields according to the well field system.

A large amount of private land has been opened up and cultivated, and a large number of laborers have been used. However, the method of slavery in the well field can no longer mobilize the labor enthusiasm of the producers. "The Legend of the Ram" He Xiu said:

At that time, "the people refused to do their best to the public land. ”

The lack of labor force has made the public land of some countries "only arrogant". "Aesthetic Beauty" ("The Book of Songs, Qi Feng, Futian") has become a wasteland. The Ida system can no longer be maintained.

The fundamental reason is the increase in productivity, the iron cattle farming you mentioned is among them, the direct cause is the reform of the vassal states, and there are other reasons, the decline of the Zhou royal family, and the reclamation of private land directly damaged the well field system.

The root lies in the development of the productive forces. Iron plough ox ploughing is a manifestation of this. Iron plough ox ploughing belongs to the scope of production tools and is an integral part of productivity. The iron plough and ox ploughing promoted the development of the productive forces, so that the well field system was no longer adapted to the productive forces of the time, so it collapsed.

The emergence of iron pear cattle ploughing is an improvement in production tools, which has promoted the development of productive forces. The development of the productive forces has in turn promoted a change in the relations of production.

The root lies in the development of the productive forces. In particular, the improvement of the means of production led to the development of the productive forces, the emergence of new classes, the availability of a certain amount of land for the peasants, and the widespread use of the means of production, which led to the disintegration of the old system.

Reason: The system was no longer adapted to the development of the productive forces at that time.

The details are as follows:

The Ida system is a weekly return.

The king divided the land and the people of the princes, and the princes divided the doctors, and the doctors divided the scholars. These lands are registered, and although they are not subject to taxes, they still have to pay tribute. However, the newly developed fields of private ownership will not be registered, and the emergence of these newly developed lands will have a great impact on the well field system itself.

During the Spring and Autumn period, the use of iron tools and ox ploughing, and the improvement of farming techniques. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the early tax mu of the Lu State recognized the ownership of the land by the owners of private land. The emergence of new methods of exploitation and the emergence of feudal landlords' exploitation of peasants led to the collapse of the Jingtian system and the Shang Dynasty during the Warring States Period, which legally abolished the Jingtian system and replaced the Jingtian system with private land ownership.

The fundamental reason for the collapse of the well-field system is the development of the productive forces, and the well-field system is a mode of production that cannot meet the needs of the development of the productive forces, and private fields have emerged. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Lu implemented the "initial tax per mu", recognizing the ownership of land by the owners of private land. With this comes the emergence of new forms of exploitation.

The emergence of the exploitation of the peasants by the feudal landlords led to the collapse of the well-field system.

(2010 Yichang) "A Thousand Disasters and Its Troubles" is recorded in the Book of Songs, which describes the large-scale collective farming scene of two-person joint cultivation (manpower) in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and a new farming scene can be seen in the Spring and Autumn Period is ox farming.

The well field system is a system of property rights supply for land. In order to ensure that farmers can get more collections and can bring more benefits to the country, such a system will be established. The advantage is that it can promote the political development of the Zhou Dynasty, promote the economic development of the Zhou Dynasty, promote the development of agriculture, and bring more income.

The well-field system of the Zhou Dynasty was to distribute the wells and farmland equally, and then divide them to the princes of various places, who distributed them to the local residents for cultivation and use. The establishment of the Jingtian system could help the Zhou Dynasty quickly stabilize the people's hearts and establish its own strong ruling system. However, the Jingtian system also had its shortcomings, which made the power of the princes too loud, and eventually directly led to the fall of the Zhou Dynasty.

The Zhou Dynasty implemented the well field system, and the farming system was a good system. In the first year of Jian'an (196), Cao Cao cultivated farmland. He ordered Zhao to only serve as the provincial governor of cultivated land reclamation, and to be in charge of cultivated land reclamation together with Ren Jun.

According to the Cultivated Land Reclamation Order:"In the era of Qin Xiaogong, he used the reforms of the Shang Dynasty to carry out agriculture and warfare, accelerated the development of agricultural production, achieved strong disease and sufficient food, and finally unified the world. In order to consolidate the northwest frontier defense and resist the invasion of the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty moved from Shuofang in the east to the west, mobilized a large number of garrisons to station in the Western Regions, settled in the Western Regions, and solved the problem of military rations in the western region on the spot, saving a lot of transportation and peace, and playing an important role in the western region.

On the basis of fully absorbing historical experience, Cao Cao formally made a major strategic decision to promote land reclamation. Mintun is the main form of land reclamation in Cao Cao, which is managed by the central potato such as the central university Sinon, the local electric farmer principal, the electric farmer superintendent and the guard, etc., the most basic unit is "tun", 50 people per tun, and there is a tun Sima to manage land reclamation.

<> order to ensure the needs of the unification war, Cao Cao also set up a garrison, and the most basic unit of the garrison was the "garrison battalion", with 60 people in each battalion. The garrison practiced a system of free labor, and the grain obtained was used as military rations on the spot. The soldiers of the garrison were strictly restrained, and the status of the garrison was passed down from generation to generation.

If the soldiers run away, they will feel guilty about their wives and children. Before the soldiers and horses moved, food and grass came first. In ancient times, the ** of grain and forage played a decisive role in winning wars, and no matter how strong the army and how terrible the population, the shortage of food was doomed to collapse.

During Zhuge Liang's early northern expedition to the Central Plains, he was forced to retreat due to a lack of food and forage. In the Changping War, the army led by Zhao Kuo also collapsed due to lack of food and forage, and was almost wiped out by the Qin army. This shows the importance of food and grass.

In order to ensure the grain and grass of the army, all dynasties have attached great importance to busy farming and the first harvest in autumn, and the farming system of reclamation originated in the Han Dynasty. Clearing the land is when the army cultivates the land and feeds itself. Since the Han Dynasty, large-scale farmland reclamation has been mainly to reduce the logistical burden.

At that time, land transportation mainly relied on ox carts and manpower, and grain was transported thousands of miles. Usually only 5% or less of the food can be delivered to the front. Therefore, allowing front-line officers and men to grow their own grain can greatly reduce the logistical burden.

During the Han and Tang dynasties, when the Western Regions were run, the garrisons of the Western Regions basically relied on the grain they cultivated. The Tang army in Anxi was only more than 20,000 people, which was limited by the scale of cultivation. It can only support so many people and can no more.

Both Zhuge Liang and Cao Cao were experts in cultivating farmland, and they fed thousands of armies. The Ming Dynasty's health system also had the significance of cultivating farmland. Zhu Yuanzhang once boasted that he could feed millions of soldiers without eating a single grain of folk food.

Later, however, he abandoned the soldiers of the guard.

Answer]: In the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, due to the development of social productive forces, there has been an arbitrary transfer of land among the aristocracy, which has made the state ownership of land and the legal constraints of "no shortage in the fields" begin to be broken through, which undoubtedly changed the Jingtian system since the Xia and Shang periods, reflecting the beginning of the germination of private ownership of land, and the further development of this situation in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The advent of iron tools and oxen ploughing provided favorable conditions for the vassal states to reclaim wasteland and build water conservancy, thus increasing the amount of private land. Qi State "Relative Land and Decline Levy", Jin State "Field", these are the beginning of the change of this Jihui well field system, in 594 BC Lu State's "initial tax mu", began to implement the tax per mu, in fact, it is equivalent to recognizing the legitimacy of private land. In addition, the state of Chu "wrote the earth", and Zheng Guozi produced "Qiu Fu".

These records show that the well field system has been destroyed, and feudal private ownership of land has begun to take shape.

The basis of the well field system is that the land is state-owned, and the state distributes the land. With the increase in the level of productivity, the reclamation of wasteland, more and more people have their own land, and the state has begun to gradually disintegrate the well field system for tax purposes.

It is to divide the field into small squares in a north-south or east-west direction, and gradually disintegrate with the development of productive forces.

The well field system was an 11% agricultural tax, but it was abolished as the cultivators fled and a large amount of public land was wasted.