Enzymes metabolized by microorganisms regulate synthesis with respect to synthases versus inducible

This question is more complicated, I try to.

E. coli preferentially uses glucose for energy**, but when both glucose and lactose are present in the environment, the genes that degrade lactose are at low transcriptional levels, i.e., lactose is used very inefficiently. But when glucose is depleted, E. coli large-scale transcription of the enzymes needed to degrade lactose (3 enzymes), which break down lactose into glucose and galactose, while E. coli still uses only the glucose in it.

This actually involves the working principle of the lactose operon, and there is a lot of content to introduce it, you can check it out on the Internet.

For your questions, I will follow them one by one: If E. coli synthesizes an inducible enzyme that breaks down lactose, and then adds glucose to the medium, E. coli is using glucose and lactose at the same time. Or do you use glucose first and then use lactose when it is consumed? ”

E. coli directly uses glucose as a direct energy source, while lactose is still degraded to glucose and galactose, thus still indirectly utilizing lactose, due to the fact that the three enzymes that have been synthesized to degrade lactose are still active. But the three enzymes that degrade lactose are no longer newly synthesized, and their gene transcription is turned off.

If glucose is used first and lactose is used after glucose is consumed, does it first hydrolyze the constituent enzyme that breaks down lactose, and then synthesize this constituent enzyme after the glucose is consumed? ”

Glucose is used first, and as long as lactose exists, there are enzymes that degrade lactose to be synthesized, which is called leakage expression in biology, that is, the efficiency of lactose utilization is extremely low. Other than that.

In fact, there are also some signaling pathways involved here, that is, when glucose is present, the level of camp is low, and camp can regulate and reduce gene transcription in lactose operons, but when glucose is reduced and lactose is in the environment, the accumulation of camp accelerates the transcription of lactose operons.

When lactose is used as an energy source, lactose induces the transcription and synthesis of three enzymes by lactose operons, which can degrade lactose and release repressors bound to lactose at the same time, thus forming three products: glucose, galactose, and repressors. In which glucose is utilized, the repressor re-acts to inhibit the synthesis of three new enzymes by the lactose operon.

The relationship is more complicated, and if you look at it patiently, you can still understand it.

How to regulate the biosynthesis pathway of penicillin from the enzyme molecular level?

Hello, glad to have your question, achieved by coordinating the control of enzymes, the biosynthesis of enzymes is controlled by both genes and metabolites. Use the easiest carbon source (such as glucose, etc.) to grow the bacteria, and then add a small amount of inert carbon source during the production period, that is, use slow lactose, vegetable oil, etc., to maintain the microorganisms in a semi-starved state through continuous feeding, control and destroy the primary metabolic biosynthesis, and turn to secondary metabolism. In short, the slow use of carbon sources is the core of a large number of penicillin synthesis.

The biosynthesis of penicillin is inhibited by carbon catabolics, such as the acyltransferase enzyme used to synthesize penicillin. In the process of penicillin fermentation, it was found that glucose, which can be quickly utilized by Penicillium, is beneficial to the growth of bacteria, but inhibits the synthesis of penicillin, and lactose, which is slowly utilized, is the best carbon source for the production of penicillin residues.

Summary. Microbial enzymes can regulate the physiological functions of crops, mainly because they have the following mechanisms:1

Promote plant growth: Microbial enzymes contain a variety of beneficial elements and nutrients that can promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients by plants, thereby promoting the growth and development of plants. 2.

Improve soil environment: microbial enzymes can decompose organic matter and inorganic compounds in the soil, release a large number of nutrients and trace elements, improve the structure and permeability of the soil, and improve the water and fertilizer retention capacity of the soil.

Microbial enzymes can regulate the physiological functions of crops, mainly because they have the following mechanisms:1Promote the growth of indiscriminate plants:

Microbial enzymes contain a variety of beneficial elements and nutrients, which can promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients by plants, thereby promoting the growth and development of plants. 2.Improving the soil environment:

Microbiotic enzymes can decompose organic matter and inorganic compounds in the soil, release a large number of nutrients and trace elements, improve the structure and permeability of the soil, and improve the water and fertilizer retention capacity of the soil.

3.Improve stress resistance: Microbiotic bond enzyme can produce a series of metabolites in plants, which can enhance the stress resistance of plants and improve their adaptability to adverse environments such as pests and diseases, drought, and salinity.

4.Regulate plant metabolism: Microbial enzymes can regulate metabolic processes in plants, promote photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolic processes, thereby improving the growth rate and yield of plants.

Summary. This is achieved through the coordinated control of enzymes, whose biosynthesis is controlled by both genes and metabolites.

Penicillin synthesis pathway How to achieve microbial metabolism regulation at the enzyme molecular level.

Hello, classmate, I'm glad for your question, use the most easy to use carbon sources (such as glucose in the cavity, etc.) to make the bacteria grow, and then add a small amount of inert carbon sources during the production period, that is, the use of slow lactose, vegetable oil, etc., through continuous feeding to maintain the microorganisms in a semi-noisy starvation state, control the primary metabolic biosynthesis, and turn to secondary metabolism. In short, the slow use of carbon sources is the core of a large number of penicillin synthesis.

The biosynthesis of penicillin is inhibited by carbon catabolic containing products, such as the acyltransferase enzyme used to synthesize penicillin. In the process of penicillin fermentation, the glucose of Shenlaoqiao is conducive to the growth of the bacteria, but inhibits the synthesis of penicillin, and the lactose, which is slowly utilized, is the best carbon source for penicillin production.

There's another way.

There's only one way to do it

This is achieved through the coordinated control of enzymes, whose biosynthesis is controlled by both genes and metabolites.

Answer] :(1) Enzyme activity regulation: allosteric regulation and modification regulation;

2) Regulation of branching synthesis pathway: isozyme feedback inhibition of auspicious rock, synergistic feedback inhibition, accumulation feedback inhibition and sequential feedback pure cavity inhibition.

Summary. Enzymes are commonly found in all organisms as catalysts, which can be directly extracted, separated and produced from animals, plants and microorganisms, and can also be produced through the culture of animal and plant cells or the fermentation of microbial cells. The process of enzyme synthesis in living organisms is the fermentation production of enzymes

The process of using microbial metabolic activities to produce the required enzymesMost of the enzymes currently used in industry are produced by microbial fermentation.

What disciplines are closely related to the production of enzymes by microbial fermentation in the biosynthesis of enzymes and biology?

Enzymes are commonly found in all organisms as catalysts, which can be directly extracted, separated and produced from animals, plants and microorganisms, and can also be produced through the culture of animal and plant cells or the fermentation of microbial cells. The process of enzyme synthesis in living organisms is the fermentation production of enzymes: the process of producing the required enzymes using microbial metabolic activitiesMost of the enzymes used in the industrial orange are produced by microbial fermentation.

Which disciplines are closely related to microbial fermentation and enzyme production?

How to understand the chapter arrangement of Chapter 4 Enzyme Extraction, Separation and Purification?

Extraction and Separation of EnzymesExtraction and Separation of PurificationExtraction and Separation of EnzymesChapter 4Chapter 4Extraction and Separation of EnzymesExtraction and Separation of Purified Enzymes.

How to Arrange the Chapters of Enzyme Extraction and Isolation and Purification?

Extraction, Separation and Purification of Enzymes 1. Purpose and method of cell disruption. Most of the enzymes exist inside the cell, and the enzymes in the cell must first be collected and broken to destroy the outer structure of the cell, and then the enzyme is extracted, separated and purified. Mechanical method Physical method Chemical method Enzymatic disruption method (enzymatic hydrolysis) 2 Basis for selecting cell disruption method.

1) Cell processing capacity: large-scale mechanical method, small-scale non-mechanical method. (2) the strength and structure of the cell wall and (3) the effect of the target product on the disruption conditions.

The mechanical method considers the shear force, and the enzymatic method considers whether it has a degrading effect on the target product.

"The activity of enzymes is regulated and controlled by a variety of factors: (1) the feedforward activation of reactants and the feedback mechanism of products, the accumulation of reactants in the metabolic pathway can often activate the activity of key enzymes, and the end products of metabolic pathways can often inhibit the activity of key enzymes. (2) Allosteric regulation, some small molecules of hand fiber can be reversibly combined with enzymes to activate the activity of enzymes or inhibit the activity of enzymes; (3) Covalent modification regulation, which causes a series of biological effects through the binding of hormones to cell membranes or intracellular receptors, so that enzyme molecules are covalently modified to change enzyme activity, and the most common covalent modifications are phosphorylation and dephosphorylation; (4) other regulatory modalities, including regulation of enzyme activity through the activation of zymogen and isozymes; (5) The change of the pH value of the reaction system can cause the change of the conformation of the enzyme molecule or the change of the dissociation state of the action group to cause the change of enzyme activity; (6) Adjustment of enzyme concentration:

There are 2 main ways: inducing or inhibiting enzyme synthesis; Noise regulates the degradation of enzymes. "]

Metabolites are overproduced by inhibiting the activity of key enzymes.

In addition to inhibiting the activity of key enzymes in the pathway to reduce the generation of end products, the metabolic pathway can also be hindered by repression, so the metabolites are overproduced by inhibiting the activity of key enzymes.

Enzymes are proteins or RNAs produced by living cells that are highly specific to their substrates and have a high degree of catalytic flammability.

Answer] This :d question is a basic knowledge question, which examines the types and mechanisms of action of inducers of poison metabolism enzymes. Enzyme inducers can be divided into two categories: monofunctional inducers and bifunctional cavity inducers.

Monofunctional inducers can induce enzymes that catalyze reduction, hydrolysis and binding reactions, but cannot induce cytochrome P450, which can be induced by binding to NRF2. In addition to inducing enzymes related to binding reactions, bifunctional inducers can also induce cytochrome P450, which can be induced by binding to AHR, CAR, PXR, and Ppara. Therefore, only option d is correct.