Questions about the vanishing ancient civilizations and their writings

This is a bit biased, the difficulty of hieroglyphs is first, to know what the word is, and second, the pronunciation at that time.

First, since it is a hieroglyph, the context is on the pictogram, the Chinese text is in the same line, so it is not too difficult to interpret the words, as for the pronunciation at that time, although it is more difficult, but there are still some living fossils left in ancient Chinese in China, such as Hakka in Fujian, Cantonese in Guangdong, and the pronunciation of some words at that time is also mentioned in ancient books, although there is no pinyin in ancient China, but the Chinese use the method of cutting the pronunciation of the word, specifically with two words, Take the initials of the previous word and the finals of the last word to mark the pronunciation of the word, for example, the tiger cut sound indicates that it is a river sentence. In addition to the analysis of the pronunciation rules of various language families and even the parameters of the unearthed skulls of ancient people (analysis of the pronunciation rules of the vocal organs of ancient people), the pronunciation of ancient Chinese can only be determined by the interaction of multiple disciplines, and it cannot be ruled out that there are mistakes, but most of them are still based on evidence, and cannot be arbitrarily judged as conjecture.

In addition to Chinese, the world's hieroglyphs are ancient Egyptian scripts and Mayan scripts, ancient Egyptian scripts can be deciphered because of the existence of Rosetta Stone and Coptics, Maya because there is too little information, even if there are Mayan descendants, but the meaning of the text cannot be fully explained.

In addition, many pronunciations of ancient Chinese (oracle bone inscription, golden inscription) were determined by some Chinese scholars and linguists before the liberation and the early liberation, and the academic style of the older generation is still very rigorous. Dude's view is a bit of a generalization.

The reason for the disappearance of the three ancient civilizations was the destruction of wars, which eventually led to the destruction of civilizations.

The reasons for the demise of the ancient Babylonian Kingdom, ancient Egypt, and ancient India, the three major ancient civilizations in the world, are:

1. Ancient Babylon: Conquest, Invasion.

In the 19th century B.C., during the reign of the sixth king Hammurabi, he successively conquered Isin, Uruk, Larsha and other countries, and occupied southern Assyria, establishing a centralized slave empire from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean coast, claiming to be the king of the four corners of the world.

However, Hammurabi's rule was not consolidated, and his successor, Samsui Luna, was invaded by Elamite and Kassite during his reign, and there was also an internal struggle against debt slavery, which led to the decline of the First Babylonian Dynasty. In 1595 BCE, the Hittite ruler Mursirisi I finally destroyed it.

2. Ancient Egypt: Annexed by the Roman Empire.

In 30 BC, the Ptolemaic dynasty of ancient Egypt was annexed by the Roman Empire, and the indigenous regime of Egypt fell.

3. Ancient India: Foreign invasion.

Around 1750 BC, the Aryans entered the Indus Valley, and the city-states of the Indus River gradually disappeared.

Four ancient civilizations

Four Ancient Civilizations is a collective term for the four ancient civilizations of the world. They were ancient Babylon (located in West Asia, now Iraq), ancient Egypt (located at the junction of West Asia and North Africa, now Egypt), ancient India (located in South Asia, including present-day India, Pakistan, etc.), and China (located in East Asia).

The four ancient civilizations actually correspond to the birthplaces of the world's four major civilizations, namely the two river basins, the Nile River basin, the Indus River basin, and the Yellow River basin, which were the earliest regions where the four large human civilizations were born, and the later Aegean civilization was not included.

The significance of the four ancient civilizations is not in the chronological order, but in the fact that they were the birthplaces of many later civilizations and had a great impact on the region in which they were located. The four major civilizations are the original civilizations, while the other civilizations belong to the derivative civilizations and are deeply influenced by the native civilizations of the neighboring regions.

The above content refers to Encyclopedia - Four Ancient Civilizations

Indus Civilization of Pakistan.

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was home to the greatest man-made architectural marvel of the ancient world and one of the largest early urban settlements on the continents. Located in present-day Pakistan, it flourished 4,500 years ago, but then it was quickly forgotten until the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization were excavated in the 20s of the 20th century, and people became aware of its existence. This civilization includes the famous ruins of the ancient town of Mohenjo-daro, which is well-equipped, technologically advanced, has the world's first urban health system, and there is evidence of excellence in mathematics, engineering, and original dentistry.

By 1500 BC, the Indus Valley civilization was abandoned, possibly due to Indo-European tribal invasions or climate change that made agriculture unsustainable.

Anasazi, New Mexico, USA.

Anasazi is the modern name given to the Gupueblo people, who live on the border between Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. Their civilization emerged around the 12th century BC and is best known for their stone and adobe buildings along the cliffs, including the Verde Plateau National Park, the ruins of the White House, and the ruins of Pueblo Bonito on the north side of the Chaco Canyon. The building is a multi-storey dwelling, and many rooms are accessible with the help of ropes or ladders.

There was no need for the Gupueblo people to "disappear", but they somehow left their homeland in the 12th and 13th centuries AD. Many experts and modern Pueblo people say that deforestation and drought have led to infighting and war among the Gupueblo people, who have been forced to flee their homes and move elsewhere.

The Olmec Civilization of Mexico.

Veracruz and Tabasco, now located in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, were the seat of a civilization before Columbus discovered the American continent, with the famous "giant stone statues", acts of human sacrifice, which created the concept of zero, which was the basis for all subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations. The Olmec civilization was probably the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere to have a writing system, and it may have invented the compass and the Mesoamerican calendar. The Olmec civilization appeared around 1500 BC and was not "discovered" by historians until the mid-19th century.

Its decline has been linked to environmental changes caused by volcanic eruptions, or the destruction of agricultural systems.

Looking back, we can witness the rise and fall of human civilization. Human civilization has always been perfected in the process of continuous destruction and construction. But there are still many ancient civilizations that we can't dispel and unravel their mysteries.

The Habsburg dynasty of Spain, the most widely ruled royal family in European history, Masimilian carefully arranged political intermarriage, so that his grandson Charles V of Spain called Carlos I the overlord of Europe. (The reason for the demise is the marriage of close relatives).

Indus Valley Civilization.

2.Kingdom of the Khmer.

3.Anasazi civilization.

Indus Valley Civilization, Anasazi, New Mexico, USA.

There was the Mayan civilization, the bustling ancient Babylon, and of course, ancient India.

China's Liangzhu culture, from the ancient city of Liangzhu, Liangzhu jade, tombs and dams.

Ancient Babylonian civilization, and Mayan civilization.

Mayan civilization, Atlantis, ancient Egypt.

Ancient India, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Babylon, etc.

Mayan civilization, Atlantean civilization, Inca civilization, ancient Babylonian civilization, Khmer civilization, Sanxingdui civilization, Teotihuacan civilization, Trojan civilization, Axumite civilization, Kirov ancient civilization.