What was the taxi of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?

Scholars are the most basic nobles in feudal society, and they are also the most advanced people. There were knights in Europe, samurai in Japan, and the noble class represented by intellectuals in China. A specific social class with a certain status in ancient Chinese society later evolved into a general term for intellectuals.

Originally, it may have referred to the samurai who were of the same clan as the clan chiefs and dignitaries at the end of primitive society, and when they entered the class society, they became part of the ruling class. Because in ancient times, only the noble children above the scholar had cultural knowledge, so the scholar became the title of a person with certain knowledge and skills. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the role of foot soldiers increased, the role of chariot warfare and samurai decreased, and the status of warriors also rose or fell.

In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some doctors tried to attract the masses of scholars to make a statement, and many scholars took refuge in them. There are also some scholars who go to funerals, pay tributes, or run businesses in order to solve their financial difficulties; There are also people who give private lectures and impart cultural knowledge, and since then there have been a number of scholars who specialize in cultural activities in Chinese history. They traveled to various countries, were active in their thinking, and made great contributions to the emergence of a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended in the field of ancient Chinese scholarship and to the development of culture and science.

During the Warring States Period, the struggle for hegemony and annexation wars became more intense, so the lobbyists of the Qin and Twilight Chu came into being. They travel from country to country and act as lobbyists, represented by the Zonghengjia. At this time, the practice of raising scholars of feudal lords and magnates in various countries was also prevalent.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the connotation of Shi underwent further changes. Shi, when called a scholar, can refer to a soldier in the army, and is often a general name for officials who serve in the ** regime and states, counties and counties; When called scholars, it generally refers to intellectuals who have a high level of feudal cultural literacy and are engaged in spiritual and cultural activities. In the Han Dynasty, scholars attached great importance to the name of the scholar (that is, personality fame, character and integrity, and academic ability), once they became a celebrity, the utilitarian official position would follow one after another, so the scholar or focus on righteousness, self-cultivation, family, governance, and peace in the world, and abide by the feudal program and the famous religion; Or flashy socializing, making friends, boasting to each other, and selling fame.

In the later period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the style of discussing the topic of the characters among the scholars was extremely popular. This kind of human object belongs to the folk scope. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, the nine-product zhongzheng system was established, and the rights of the critics were returned.

All those who are evaluated by the middle ** are given different grades (township products) according to their virtue and ability, family control, and then awarded various official positions. Those who have not been evaluated are not allowed to be officials. As a result, scholars took on the meaning of a certain class.

Shishu is opposed, and the clues are gradually emerging. All officials above the ninth grade and those who have obtained the first rank are all scholars, otherwise they are concubines. Among the scholars, there is a family that has been able to enter the Qing Dynasty and live in the official position for generations by virtue of his father's ancestors, which is a scholar family.

The scholars reached their peak in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and began to decline in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, the scholars gradually withdrew from the historical stage, but the concept of scholars as a specific class still remained. After the Song Dynasty, the term scholar or scholar gradually became a general term for ordinary scholars, and no longer specifically referred to officials.

** one level higher than the civilian population.

Categories: Education, Science, >> Science & Technology.

Problem description: What does the Warring States "Shi" mean?

Analysis: In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were four classes of scholars, civilians, and industrialists, with scholars as the highest, initially referring to samurai, and later referring to classes with a certain culture and status. During the Warring States Period, the social class of "scholars" made great strides onto the political stage.

Most of these people came from poor backgrounds, or were descendants of the declining aristocracy. Relying on their talents, they ran around laughing and laughing among the monarchs of various countries, and "peddled" their political ideas everywhere, so as to win personal glory and wealth.

The aristocracy of the pre-Qin period, from high to low, were the son of heaven, the princes, the doctors, and the scholars. Scholars were the lowest part of the nobility. The first three have their own fiefdoms, the Son of Heaven has the world, the princes have a country, the doctor has a family, and they have the right to rule in the fief, and they are basically not interfered with by the nobles at the higher level.

However, the scholar did not have a fief, and could only obtain food and land by serving the high nobles (as a strategist, secretary, guard, etc.), that is, he enjoyed the production of the land, and could not rule over the peasants who cultivated it. and when he leaves his post, he shall also return it to the sovereign.

An intellectual who can fight, can plan, and is not a royal family.