History The land question in the Spring and Autumn period

Under the Jingtian system, the land is concentrated in the hands of the Son of Heaven, and the land is actually owned by the Son of Heaven alone, so the Son of Heaven can divide the land to the princes and kings. After the development of the productive forces, the private land gradually increased, and the private ownership of land developed, so that the land held by the Son of Heaven decreased, and the Son of Heaven did not have land to divide to the princes and kings, and the well field system naturally collapsed.

There were more private fields, the private ownership of land developed, the private land was not registered, the princes did not have to pay tribute to the grain planted on the private land, the economic strength of the princes was greatly enhanced, there was a situation of land annexation, and the royal power of the Zhou royal family declined, so the well field system was destroyed.

The well field system prohibits the sale and purchase of land, while private land does not have such restrictions. In this way, powerful princes or ministers can buy the land of other fallen princes or ministers. The original scale of land according to status hierarchy was disrupted, and land annexation occurred, and the Ida system was destroyed.

The increasing number of private lands affected the taxation of the state, and the state had no choice but to recognize private land in order to increase the revenue of the state treasury. This was a condition for the collapse of the Ida system.

In the struggle for hegemony among the princes, the hegemonists raised the status of the laborers on the well and made them semi-free people. This is another condition for the collapse of the Ida system.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the land ownership system was transformed from aristocratic land ownership to feudal land ownership.

Note that the land in the slave society is not state-owned, but divided by the kings, princes, and doctors of Zhou, so it is called the aristocratic land ownership system. There is also "under the whole world, it is not the king's land", which can also be called the land ownership system of the king of Zhou. This type of land ownership is represented by the well field system.

In the late Spring and Autumn Period, during the Warring States Period, the Jingtian system collapsed, and various countries changed laws to establish that land could be freely bought and sold and privately owned, and a new landlord class arose. This land system is called feudal land ownership.

1. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the use of iron tools and the gradual promotion of cattle farming, the level of productivity was greatly improved, and the relations of production also changed, the core of which was the change in the ownership of the means of production. The slave land state ownership system began to change to the feudal landlord land ownership system. With the continuous development of the feudal economy, changes have taken place in the relations of production, and changes have also taken place in class forces, the economic status of the new landlord class has been continuously improved, and its political power has become more and more powerful, and it has become a powerful class force, and the contradiction between the new landlord class and the stubborn forces of the original slave owners and aristocrats has become deeper and deeper.

2. Various countries have set off reforms aimed at abolishing the privileges of the slave owners and aristocracy, developing the feudal economy, and establishing the rule of the landlord class. For example, the changes of Li Kui in Wei, Wu Qi in Chu, and Shang Ying in Qin finally established the feudal system.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the first historical watershed since the beginning of Chinese civilization. Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the civilization of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties began to develop and mature, and the important political and economic system that supported the Xia, Shang and Zhou societies fell apart during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period lasted for a total of 549 years (770-476 BC in the Spring and Autumn Period, which lasted 295 years, and 475 BC-221 BC in the Warring States Period, which lasted 254 years), and completed the transformation of the social system in the midst of social turmoil and change.

Let's first understand the major changes that took place in that era and understand the background of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Reform Movement.

3. The reform of the Spring and Autumn Qi State Management and Zhong: Breaking the well field system, a large number of private fields appeared, and changing the previous tax system of not collecting taxes to "declining and declining in relation to the land". It is to levy a tax in kind according to the quality of the land.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Guo's reform of the sub-estate: the cultivation of fields and ditches, the reorganization of public and private acres of land and peasant households, and the taxation of private land according to the mu recognized the legitimacy of private land.

4. Li Kui's reform in the Warring States Wei State: the implementation of "making the best use of the land" requires farmers to work intensively to make the best of the land.

Warring States Qin State Shang Martingale Reform: Waste well fields, open Qianmo. The state grants land to individual farmers for cultivation and collects taxes uniformly. Addendum: During the Spring and Autumn Period, in 645 BC, the Jin Kingdom "made a field" (rewarded land to the people).

In 594 BC, the state of Lu was "the first tax mu". (Both public and private land are taxed on the basis of acres, indicating the recognition of the legalization of private land).

Even if I understand why the soil was reformed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, I hope it can help you!

Reason 1: The development of productive forces, the emergence of iron agricultural tools has improved agricultural production efficiency, increased social wealth, and led to the development of private ownership.

Reason 2: Because of the frequent wars during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a large number of people who made meritorious contributions in the war were given part of the land, which led to the emergence of yeoman farmers and landlord classes.

Reason 3: The new landlords and yeoman peasants demanded to break the shackles, further emancipate the productive forces, and improve their status, so they contradicted the original old aristocracy, and finally the emerging landlord class, which represented the advanced productive forces at that time, won the victory, which led to the reform of private ownership of land in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Reason 4, political reasons: because of the failure of the Eastern Zhou royal family, the following princes became bigger, and the princes improved the political status of the emerging landlord class in order to fight against the Zhou royal family, which represented the old aristocracy, which was also the political basis for the emergence of land reform.

In the end, the fundamental cause of land reform was the result of the development of social productive forces.

The development of society has transformed the main contradiction in society from the contradiction between the slave-owning class and the slave class to the contradiction between the landlords and the peasants, which is the fundamental cause of land reform.

It is recommended that you read more books such as "The Law of Blood Reward" before talking about reform. By the way, I recommend the book "Changping Fengyun".

From state-owned to private, land can be bought and sold.

Land rights were gradually changed from a well-field system to a private one.

The well-field system collapsed and the landlord class arose.

Thank you, let's give points.

There is still a well-field system, where the land belongs to the state, and there is also a feudal land ownership system, where the land belongs to the landlord.

Aristocratic land tenure Feudal land tenure.

This type of land ownership is represented by the well field system (a whole piece of land divided into squares, with private land on the side and public land in the middle); In the late Spring and Autumn period, the Jingtian system collapsed (the development of social productive forces promoted social transformation), and various countries changed their laws (most famously) to establish that land could be freely bought and sold and privately owned, and a new landlord class arose. This land system is called feudal land ownership.

If you don't understand, continue to ask, and do your best!

Understood, adopt, thank you!

By the Ida system (land is owned by the state and cannot be bought or sold.) The level of productivity is low, and the slaves and commoners work collectively) to private ownership of land (land ownership of yeoman farmers, landlord land ownership).

The owners of the land changed from the slave-owning class to the landlord class.