What are the three layers of the Earth s outer sphere?

The geosphere is divided into two parts: the outer and inner spheres of the earth. The Earth's outer sphere can be further divided into four fundamental layers, namely the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere; The Earth's inner sphere can be further divided into three fundamental spheres, namely the mantle sphere, the outer nuclear liquid sphere, and the solid inner core. In addition, there is an asthenosphere between the outer and inner spheres of the Earth, which is a transition layer between the outer and inner spheres of the Earth, located at an average depth of about 150 kilometers below the surface.

In this way, the entire Earth consists of a total of eight spheres, in which the lithosphere, asthenosphere and inner sphere together constitute the so-called solid Earth. The atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere in the Earth's outer sphere, as well as the surface of the lithosphere, are generally studied by direct observation and measurement. At present, the inner circle of the earth is mainly studied by geophysical methods, such as the inversion of high-precision modern space geodetic technology observations.

There is a significant feature in the distribution of the earth's spheres, that is, the interior of the solid earth and the upper air above the surface are basically parallel to each other, while near the earth's surface, the spheres are interpenetrating or even overlapping each other, among which the biosphere is the most significant, followed by the hydrosphere.

Atmosphere. Hydrosphere, lithosphere.

Layers of rocks, biospheres, atmospheres.

The earth is made up of two parts: the outer sphere and the inner sphere.

The outer sphere includes the biosphere, the atmosphere, and the hydrosphere: the Earth's biosphere covers the lower layers of the atmosphere, all of the hydrosphere, and the upper layers of the lithosphere; The atmosphere mainly includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and fugitive layer; The hydrosphere covers 71% of the Earth's surface (seawater, freshwater).

The inner sphere includes three parts: the crust, the mantle and the core: the crust is the outermost layer of the inner sphere, which is composed of weathered soil and hard rock, so the crust can also be called the lithosphere, accounting for the volume of the earth; The area that extends from the Guhs discontinuity at a depth of about 2,900 km to a depth of about 33 km on the Mohs surface at a depth of about 2,900 km around the Earth's core is called the mantle. The Earth's core is located within the Palaeolian discontinuity, which is divided into two parts by the Kaminari discontinuity: the inner core with a radius of about 1250 km, and the liquid outer core that extends from the outer core to about 3500 km from the center of the earth.

The outermost layer is called the atmosphere.

The atmosphere, also known as the atmosphere, is a layer of mixed gas that surrounds the earth due to gravity, and is the outermost gasosphere of the earth, surrounding the ocean and land, and the atmosphere has no exact upper bound.

At an altitude of 2,000 to 16,000 kilometres above the earth's surface, there are still thin gases and elementary particles, and in the ground, in the soil and in some rocks, there are also small amounts of gases, which can also be considered as a component of the atmosphere, and the main components of the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and trace gases in a ratio of less than 0 04, and these mixtures of gases are called air.

There are 4 spheres around the Earth, the outermost layer called the atmosphere.

The geosphere is divided into two parts: the outer and inner spheres of the earth. The Earth's outer sphere can be further divided into four fundamental layers, namely the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere; The Earth's inner sphere can be further divided into three fundamental spheres, namely the mantle sphere, the outer nuclear liquid sphere, and the solid inner core.

In terms of surface strata, it is the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. The atmosphere is the outermost layer.

The atmosphere is divided into the stratosphere (within about 12 km), the troposphere (12-50 km), the mesosphere (50-80 km), and the warming layer (80-500 km). There is an escape layer beyond the warming layer, and there is no upper limit. The escape or warming layer is often referred to as the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

The Earth's outer sphere can be divided into three basic layers, namely the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

1.Atmosphere: The Earth is surrounded by this thick layer of atmosphere.

The composition of the atmosphere is mainly nitrogen, which accounts for; Oxygen occupies; argon occupies; There are also small amounts of carbon dioxide, noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon) and water vapor. The density of air in the atmosphere decreases with altitude, and the higher the air, the thinner it becomes. The thickness of the atmosphere is about 1,000 kilometers or more, but there are no clear boundaries.

The whole atmosphere exhibits different characteristics with different altitudes, and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and fugitive layer.

2.Hydrosphere: It is the most active sphere in the Earth's outer sphere, and it is also a continuous and irregular sphere.

Its interaction with the atmosphere, biosphere and Earth's inner sphere is directly related to the evolution of surface systems that affect human activities. The hydrosphere is also the main medium of exodynamic geological processes and plays the most important role in shaping the earth's surface. It refers to the various forms of water present in the surface of the earth's crust, on the surface, and in the atmosphere surrounding the earth, including liquid, gaseous, and solid water.

The total amount of water on Earth is about 1,360,000, 000 cubic kilometers. The ocean occupies 1,320,000,000 cubic kilometers (the Earth's water exists in the air, on the surface and underground in gaseous, liquid and solid forms, and these waters are constantly moving and interconnected, forming the hydrosphere in a water cycle. It is the most active layer in the Earth's outer sphere.

3.Biosphere: The biosphere refers to the integrated whole of all ecosystems on Earth, and is an outer sphere of the Earth, which covers about 10 kilometers vertically above and below sea level.

It includes air, land, lithosphere, and water on Earth where life exists and is changed and transformed by life processes. In the broad sense of geology, the biosphere is a global ecosystem that unites all living things and the relationships between them, including their interactions with the lithosphere, hydrosphere and air. The biosphere is a closed and self-regulating system.

Earth is the only known place in the entire universe where living beings live.

3The outer sphere of the Earth includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

1.Atmosphere.

The atmosphere is made up of the atmosphere that surrounds the Earth. There is also a small amount of air in the water, in the soil and in some rocks, but the depth is generally not more than 4 km. There is no obvious upper bound of the atmosphere, and there are still traces of the presence of the atmosphere above 4000 km above the equator.

Due to the influence of the earth's gravity, the density of the atmosphere decreases with the increase of altitude, and the air becomes thinner and thinner the upward, and gradually transitions into cosmic space.

The main components of the atmosphere are nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor and fine dust, etc., accounting for about 1%.

According to the physical characteristics of the atmosphere, such as temperature and density, the atmosphere is generally divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere and diffusion layer from bottom to top. About 70% 75% of the atmosphere is concentrated in the troposphere, and weather phenomena such as wind, rain, thunder, and lightning, which are closely related to human life, occur in this layer; Oxygen is the guarantee of life, nitrogen is the raw material for making proteins, and carbon dioxide insulates the earth's surface. Atmospheric convection is an important geological force that changes the appearance of the Earth at all times.

2.Hydrosphere. The oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, swamps and groundwater on the earth's surface, which account for about 3 4 of the area, form a continuous but irregular circle, called the hydrosphere. The distribution of water on the surface is very uneven, with ocean water accounting for less than 3% of the total volume. Rivers, freshwater lakes, and shallow groundwater that are easier for humans to exploit only account for the total amount of water.

Therefore, it is important to use and protect water resources wisely.

The water in the hydrosphere is constantly circulating under the action of solar energy and gravity. The vast majority of land water flows into the ocean, and some land and ocean water is evaporated into the atmosphere, carried by atmospheric circulation, and returned to the surface in the form of rain and snow. This hydrosphere cycle is a dynamic force that has a non-stop impact on the lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

3.Biosphere.

The biosphere is a sphere of organisms and their life activities. The range of living organisms can be from 10 km above sea level to rocks thousands of meters below the surface of the lithosphere, including almost the entire hydrosphere. Therefore, the biosphere is interpenetrating with the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere, which will be discussed later, and it is difficult to demarcate their strict boundaries.

About 3.8 billion years ago, there was the most primitive record of life on the earth, and about 600 million years ago, it entered the leap stage of life evolution. The growth, activity and death of living organisms cause complex material and energy exchanges and transformations between the atmosphere, water, rocks and soil, thereby changing the surrounding environment. For example, plants continue to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and release O2, changing the composition of the atmosphere, and at the same time fixing carbon and burying some of it in the earth's crust, forming a large amount of crustal energy.

Physical geography - the sphere structure of the earth.

The outermost layer is called the atmosphere.

The layer of gas mixture that surrounds the earth due to gravity is the outermost gasosphere of the earth, surrounding the ocean and land, the atmosphere has no exact upper bound, and there are still thin gases and elementary particles at an altitude of 2,000 to 16,000 kilometers above the earth's surface.

Underground, there are also small amounts of gases in the soil and some rocks, which can also be considered a component of the atmosphere, and the main components of the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide.

and less than proportional trace gases.

Physical geography - the sphere structure of the earth.

There are 4 spheres around the earth, the outermost layer is called the atmosphere, and the inner layer is the hydrosphere, the soil lithosphere, and the biosphere.

The Earth's inner sphere is divided into the crust, mantle and core from the outside to the inside. The interface between the crust and the mantle is the Moho interface, and the interface between the mantle and the core is the Gutenberg interface.

1. Earth's crust. The earth's crust is the outermost layer of the earth's solid surface structure, with an average thickness of about 17 kilometers, of which the continental crust is larger, with an average thickness of about 39-41 kilometers. The crust is thicker in the mountains and plateaus, up to 70 km; Plains and basins have relatively thin crusts.

The oceanic crust is much thinner than the continental crust, only a few kilometers thick.

2. Moho noodles.

In 1910, Mohorovich proposed that the earth has an inner and outer layer. The inner and outer layers he refers to are what we call the mantle and crust. The interface between the Earth's crust and the mantle is also known as the Moholovich discontinuity (Moholovich surface).

On the Moho surface, the propagation velocity of the longitudinal and transverse waves of ** waves increases significantly, the elasticity and density gradually increase with depth, and the density and hardness of mantle materials are greater than those of the crust. The average chemical composition of the materials above this surface is similar to that of basalt, and the density is about; The average chemical composition of the following substances on this surface is similar to that of peridotite, and the density is about that. The temperature of the moho surface is 400-1000

3. Mantle. The mantle is between the Moho surface and the Gutenberg surface, with a thickness of more than 2800 km, and the average density is about the volume of the earth, and the mass of the mantle accounts for about the total mass of the earth, which greatly affects the total composition of the earth's material. The transverse variation of the mantle is relatively uniform, and according to the change of wave velocity in **, the 1000 km surge zone is used as the interface (Ray Poti surface), and two sub-layers of the upper mantle and the lower mantle are further divided.

4. Gutenberg interface.

Gutenberg Interface, aka Gutenberg Interface. It is divided according to the change of wave velocity and is the interface between the mantle and the core. In addition to a significant change in wave velocity at a depth of about 33 km in the Earth's interior (here called the Moho interface, which is the boundary between the earth's crust and mantle), at a depth of about 2900 km, the wave propagation state also changes significantly, which is called the Gutenberg interface.

The mantle is located between the Moho interface and the Gutenberg interface.

Since the outer core of the Earth is liquid, the ** wave in the mantle (the S wave is a transverse wave, and the transverse wave can only propagate in solids) cannot travel through this interface in the outer core. The velocity of the p-wave (longitudinal wave) curve at this interface also decreases sharply.

5. The Earth's core. The Earth's core is the core part of the Earth and is located in the innermost part of the Earth. It has a radius of about 3470 km, mainly composed of iron and nickel, and has a high density, with an average density of about grams per cubic centimeter.

The temperature is very high, there are 4000 to 6800.