What are the aspects of the Bauhaus reforms? 50

The "three major compositions" include plane composition, three-dimensional composition and color composition, which are the basic courses of almost all design majors.

The composition course enables students to understand the concepts and styles of points, lines, surfaces, and bodies, master the laws of formal beauty such as balance, proportion, rhythm, and unity, and feel the changes of color light and shade, contrast, and cold and warm. The three-dimensional space represented by the plane composition is not a real three-dimensional space, but only an illusionary space formed by the visual guidance of graphics on people.

Color composition is a basic method that enables students to master the basic knowledge of color composition and learn to use it. The constituent elements of three-dimensional composition are points, lines, surfaces, volumes, colors and spaces. Its forming elements are still the laws of formal beauty, such as contrast and harmony, symmetry and balance, proportion, rhythm, rhythm, diversity, unity, etc., and the important thing is to create artistic conception through design.

Bauhaus Basic Views:

In design theory, the Bauhaus made three basic points:

1. A new unity of art and technology

2. The purpose of design is people, not products:

3. The design must follow the laws of nature and objectivity.

These views have played a positive role in the development of industrial design, making modern design gradually move from idealism to realism, that is, replacing artistic self-expression and romanticism with rational and scientific ideas.

Plane composition, color composition and three-dimensional composition are collectively known as the "three compositions" curriculum in Chinese art education, which originated from the design curriculum reform of the Bauhaus in Germany in 1919.

Flexible irregular composition, good economy, full display of modern materials and structures, Bauhaus as a design system swept the whole world at that time, in the field of modern industrial design, its ideas and aesthetic interest can be said to have influenced a whole generation. Although the rise of postmodernism is an impact and a kind of progress for the design ideas of the Bauhaus, some ideas and concepts of the Bauhaus still have an enlightening effect on modern industrial design and technical aesthetics, especially for the choice of the direction of industrial design in developing countries. Its principles and concepts have an impact on all industrial designs.

The Bauhaus school was the first school to teach modern art using the concept of modern architecture. The construction of the Bauhaus school building adopts the modern architectural approach, which focuses on functionality, adopts an irregular plan composition, and has a flexible layout according to the needs of the function.

And it fully shows the combination of reinforced concrete materials and technology and art in modern buildings, which is the functionalism of the exterior of the building reflecting the inside, rather than the formalism from the outside to the inside. It has achieved the purpose of practical, beautiful, generous and solid modern architecture, and is a milestone in the development of modern architecture.

Phase 1 (1919-1925), Weimar.

Period. Walter Gropius was the rector of the school, who put forward the lofty ideal of a "new unity of art and technology", and shouldered the sacred mission of training the designers and architects of the 20th century. He recruited talented people and hired artists and craftsmen to teach, forming a new education system that combines art education and handicrafts.

The second phase (1925-1932) was the Dessau period. The Bauhaus was rebuilt in Dessau, Germany, and carried out curriculum reform, implementing a teaching method that integrates design and production teaching, and achieved excellent results. In 1928 Gropius resigned as Bauhaus rector and was succeeded by Hanns Meyer, head of the Department of Architecture.

The communist-turned-architect extended the Bauhaus' artistic radicalism to political radicalization, which put the Bauhaus under increasing political pressure. In the end, Meyer himself had to resign in 1930 and was succeeded by L. Mies van de Rohe. Mies, who succeeded him, did his best to keep the school running in the face of pressure from the Nazi forces, and was finally forced to close the Bauhaus after the Nazi occupation of Dessau in October 1932. The third phase (1932-1933) was the Berlin period.

L. Mies van der Rohe moved the school to an abandoned office building in Berlin in an attempt to regroup, but because the spirit of the Bauhaus was not tolerated by the German Nazis, Mies finally became powerless in the face of the newly established Nazis**, and announced the permanent closure of the Bauhaus in August of that year. In November 1933, the Bauhaus was closed and had to end its 14-year history.

The three periods of the Bauhaus: the Weimar period, the Desso period, and the Berlin period.

Historical significance of the Bauhaus:

1. The Bauhaus broke the boundaries between pure art and the use of art, and achieved a new unity of art and technology under the guidance of the idea of combining art and industry;

2. Bauhaus education adapts to the needs of the times, establishes a complete education system that is compatible with industrial design and rent, and emphasizes the dual-track education policy of close integration of theory and practice;

3. The Bauhaus established a modernist aesthetic outlook and artistic style with machine production as the technical background.

Historical contributions. 1. Emphasize the collective way of working to defeat the individual barriers of art education and lay the foundation for the work of the enterprise.

2. Emphasizing standards to break the careless liberalization and non-standardization of art education.

3. Try to establish a new educational system based on science, emphasizing the combination of scientific and logical working methods and artistic expression. The above points have shifted the center of teaching from the more personal art education system to the direction of the science and engineering system 4. The focus of education on design has always been "creative appearance" to "solving problems", so that design has gotten rid of the disadvantages of playing form for the first time, and moved towards a design system that truly provides convenience, practicality, economy and beauty, laying a solid foundation for the development of modern design.

5. On the basis of the experiments of the Belgian designer Henri van der Velde, he created various studios, such as gold beams, wood, ceramics, textiles, photography, etc. It unites a group of accomplished artists and designers to intervene in design, and builds design education on the basis of science.

6. Breaking the old framework of collegiate art education, in 1920, Johnny Eaton, an important Bauhaus teacher and color expert, founded the "basic course", which was not a so-called basic course before. At the same time, it created a way to combine large-scale industrial production, which laid the foundation for the development of modern design education.

7. It has cultivated a group of professionals who are familiar with traditional crafts and understand modern industrial production methods and design laws, forming a concise aesthetic style suitable for large-scale machine production methods, and raising the design of modern industrial products to a new level.

Purpose of establishment. The word "bauhaus" is a combination of the German verb "bauen" building and the noun "haus", which is roughly understood as "a school for architecture" that reflects the idea in the mind of its founder:

1. Establish the dominance of architecture in the design forum, 2) Weaken the traditional hierarchy by elevating craft technology to an equal footing with the visual arts, and 3) respond to the "tenets of the German Industrial League", founded in Munich in 1907, that is, "the improvement of industrial products through the cooperation of artists, industrialists and craftsmen."

Effect. Consistently known as the most influential and controversial art school of the 20th century, it was a center of utopian thought and spirituality at the time. It has created an educational philosophy of modern design and achieved irrefutable excellence in the theory and practice of art education.

The history of the Bauhaus is the history of the birth of modern design, and the process of bridging the two disparate disciplines of art and mechanical technology. Whether in architecture, fine arts, or industrial design, the Bauhaus dominated. Bauhaus Concept of Design Education:

1.Technology and art should be in harmony.

2.Visual sensitivity reaches the level of rationality.

3.There is a scientific and technical analysis of materials, structures, textures, and colors.

4.Working collectively is at the heart of design.

5.Artists, entrepreneurs, technologists should work closely together.

6.Students' assignments are closely integrated with business projects.

1. The role of the Bauhaus in historical ascension

In terms of the establishment, dissemination and design practice of modernist design ideas: the Bauhaus truly realized the unity of technology and art, formed the principle of true rationalism, and set out the right direction for modern design; It has made the machine a creative tool for artists and designers, created a design method that adapts to modern industry, and realized the combination of modern art and technology, handicraft and industry.

2. Impact: The global impact of the Bauhaus education system is immeasurable. He laid the foundation for the supervision and development of the scientific system of industrial design, and had a profound influence on the field of design art, from graphic design to product design, as well as architectural design.

The Bauhaus curriculum has formed the theme framework of modern design and art education: plane, three-dimensional, and color. It advocates the combination of teaching and practice, teaching and production, so that students' knowledge can be put into practice; A set of scientific design art teaching methods and systems have been established, which has laid the foundation for the education of modern design art.

Extension: Limitations of the Bauhaus:

Too much emphasis on rationality and function, resulting in an indifferent style, ignoring people's inner needs, affecting the emotional harmony between people and products, appearing mechanical, rigid, lacking human touch and sense of history, has received criticism from postmodernism;

Due to the complexity of the composition of the faculty, especially the dominance of "avant-garde" artists, the "craft" component in teaching exceeds the "technology" component, the field of attention is still traditional product design, there is little interest in modern products, the relationship between industry and traditional industry is still utopian, and the conditions of the times, mechanized mass production methods and economic concepts tend to be an abstract aesthetic pursuit, and rarely investigate the needs of actual life;

Many of its ideas, propositions, and design activities mostly stayed in the "laboratory", and were not closely integrated with practical life, and it was only after the Second World War that its historical mission was fulfilled through its development and dissemination in the United States.