During the Tang and Song dynasties, social changes and economic and cultural upsurge

The socio-economic reasons for the cultural transformation of the Tang and Song dynasties are mainly included in the book

1.During the Tang Dynasty, culture flourished, and poetry creation reached its peak, while the Song Dynasty focused on ideological imprisonment and the development of "words" that emphasized strict discipline.

2.During the Tang Dynasty, the social atmosphere was open, while the Song Dynasty paid attention to the details of life such as etiquette and customs, clothing, food, housing and transportation.

3.During the Tang Dynasty, the aristocratic manor economy developed, while the Song Dynasty transformed into a commoner landlord economy, which led to changes in land ownership, tenant relations, and peasants' personal dependence on the state and landlords.

4.During the Tang Dynasty, the political imperial power and the local separatist forces checked and balanced each other, while the Song Dynasty realized the centralization of power, and various changes took place in the political system.

In addition, during the Tang and Song dynasties, great changes took place in the socio-economic structure, ideology and culture, and these factors combined to lead to the cultural transformation of the Tang and Song dynasties.

1. The Tang Dynasty was a dynasty of reform and opening up, and its culture can be described as a hundred flowers, a hundred schools of thought, and unprecedented prosperity. At that time, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, etc. could all develop well, so the culture at that time was the pinnacle of ancient times, and everyone appeared frequently, especially "poetry". In the later period, the development of "words" was also relatively rapid, and at the same time, literature such as "legends" was also developed.

2. In the Song Dynasty, people's minds were imprisoned and relatively inactive because of the science of selling eggplant. Therefore, the "words" that pay attention to strict rules have been developed, and there are many people, but they cannot be compared with the prosperity of poetry in the Tang Dynasty. Because the emperor at that time liked literature and was influenced by the social atmosphere, the subject matter of the word was also narrower, and the "plain language" at that time developed rapidly.

From the Northern Song Dynasty. At the beginning of the last year, the practice of women's foot binding prevailed, which was a bad habit in China's feudal society, until the Xinhai Revolution.

It was later abolished. Foot binding is a kind of restraint for women, and it also shows that the social status of women in the Song Dynasty is relatively low. At that time, the main clothing materials were silk and cloth, and linen cloth was the most common clothing, the Southern Song Dynasty.

At that time, due to the large-scale promotion of cotton planting, cotton cloth began to become the main clothing of people, and the cooking technology of the Song Dynasty was also quite mature, including steaming, boiling, frying, frying, roasting and so on. The urban and rural areas are obviously different, and the residences of some big bureaucrats and wealthy businessmen are even more luxurious, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, these people pay more attention to the choice of beautiful environment, and adopt garden-style architecture, and these have also become a feature of urban architecture in Suzhou and Hangzhou today. The means of transportation in the two Song Dynasty are more diversified, reflecting the difference in status, among which the sedan chair will be divided into grades, and the sedan chair of the high-status person will be more gorgeous, in addition to the princes and nobles, the common people and businessmen can also sit in the sedan chair China's ancient society attaches great importance to the development of agriculture, so as to inhibit the activities of merchants, to the Song Dynasty, the social economy continued to develop, and the prosperity of commerce was better than that of the Tang Dynasty, and the development of commerce was inseparable from merchants, so the restrictions on merchants were relaxed; At the same time, because the society of the Song Dynasty attached more importance to money, marriage at that time was not based on the level of the other party's family, but on whether the other party had money, which also improved the social status of merchants.

The city is also rich in sports activities, with martial arts, sumo, polo, keju and other traditional festivals of the Song Dynasty, such as the Lantern Festival.

Qingming, Dragon Boat Festival.

Tanabata and so on.

Economics, politics and culture are the three basic areas of social life.2 The relationship between economy, politics and culture (1) Politics is the concentrated expression of the economy (2) Culture is determined by the economy and politics and is a reflection of the economy and politics.

3 Culture reacts on politics and economy, and has a significant impact on politics and economy(1) The culture of different nationalities affects the development paths of different nations and countries with their own characteristics.

2) Different types of culture play different roles in social development.

The Song Dynasty was the most prosperous era in ancient Chinese history in terms of economy, culture and education [Note: The revival of Confucianism, the pervasive culture of respecting teachers and respecting the way of morality, the rapid development of science and technology, and the relatively enlightened and honest politics of the Song Dynasty, the end of the Song Dynasty did not have serious eunuch chaos and local divisions, and the number and scale of mutinies and civil rebellions were relatively small in Chinese history.

Being ruled by bandits and having to go to socialism Everyone knows that democracy is good.

Agriculture (1) The population of the Song Dynasty exceeded 100 million, and the labor force increased significantly. (2) Agricultural production tools and farming techniques have been greatly improved, and the tools used in the rice planting season - seedling horses have appeared; Farmland water conservancy has been greatly developed. (3) The planting area of Zhancheng rice expanded rapidly, and rice gradually ranked first in grain production.

Handicraft industry (1) The amount of coal mined is the largest in the world. (2) The smelting of iron, copper and other metals reached the highest level in the world at that time, both in terms of quality and quantity. Iron production is roughly equivalent to the combined production of all European countries in the 18th century.

3) The ceramic manufacturing industry has also developed to a new stage, and porcelain is beautifully made and has become a best-selling product in the world market.

Commerce (1) A large number of bazaars have appeared around cities and near rural transportation arteries, and gradually formed large and small towns, which greatly promoted the prosperity of urban commerce. (2) In the early Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan, which was the world's earliest paper money. In the Southern Song Dynasty, paper money such as "Huizi" and "Guanzi" were passed.

Overseas**(1) The Song Dynasty actively encouraged overseas** to open "Fanfang" for foreign businessmen to live in some important ports, and set up "Fanshi" and "Fanxue". (2) It has also successively set up municipal shipping agencies in Guangzhou, Hangzhou and other places to manage overseas**. (3) The Song Dynasty had a wide range of overseas **, from Korea and Japan in the east to the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf in the west, all of which sailed merchant ships to and from China.

To lay the foundation for the germination of capitalism, it is not right to say upstairs that there is already a germination, and the germ of capitalism only appeared in the Ming Dynasty.