Ancient Hui merchants refer to, flourishing in? period, lasting more than 1,000 years of the first y

Huizhou merchants, that is, Huizhou merchants, the general term for merchants or merchant groups from the old Huizhou government, not all Anhui merchants. Hui merchants are also known as "Xin'an merchants", commonly known as "Hui Gang". Hui merchants were born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, grew up in the Tang and Song dynasties, flourished in the Ming Dynasty, Huizhou, and now Huangshan City, Jixi County and Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province.

Peculiarity. 1. All over the country, as famous as Jin merchants, there are footprints of Hui merchants everywhere.

2. A wide range of business varieties, salt, cotton (cloth), grain, pawn, stationery, pen and ink (four treasures of the study). 3. Hard-working, thrifty, small-scale management, from small to large.

4. Strong capital. For example, Wang Fuguang, a native of Xiuning, was engaged in selling salt in Jianghuai, owned 1,000 ships, and the salt sold accounted for more than 1 2 of Huai's salt. In the last years of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, the tariff surplus was 850,000 taels of silver per year, and the tea of Huizhou merchants was the first export commodity.

The Hui merchants engaged in the salt industry in Yangzhou had a capital of 40 million taels of silver, while the Qing Dynasty's national treasury at that time was only 70 million taels of silver.

5. The way of management. The business philosophy of abiding by is "morality, integrity", "integrity-based, righteousness and profit", and has achieved a good reputation in the market.

6. Return to your hometown after making a profit and become rich, and set up social welfare undertakings and charities. In 1805, when the Yellow River and Huai River were flooded, Yangzhou Hui merchants donated 60,000 stones of rice and 2 million taels of silver.

Ancient Hui merchants refer to the Chinese international shopping mall, which flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties and lasted for more than 1,000 years.

The similarities in the rise of the Hui and Jin merchants during the Ming and Qing dynasties do not include that they both set foot in the financial field。Sun Insight.

Whether it is a Jin merchant or a Hui merchant, or even other merchant gangs, all the merchant gangs that can develop, the reasons for their rise must return to a common denominator.

This common denominator is the influence of geographical factors, and the influence of geographical environment is not only geographical location, which mainly includes the natural environment, geographical location, natural resources of these three major aspects, without the blessing of any of them can not achieve a business gang.

The reason for the growth of the Hui merchants and the Jin merchants during the Ming and Qing dynasties

Because of the predicament of the local geographical environment, the Jin people left their hometowns thousands of miles away and slept in the open air, but these did not defeat them, but instead made a famous merchant gang in history.

Jin people work hard, not afraid of hardship spirit is the main reason for their success, there was a folk song at that time: "Kill the tiger's mouth, kill the tiger's mouth, no money is sad, either lose money, or the knife trembles to cut off the head, and the sea trembles after the tiger's mouth." ”

It shows the hardships of their trafficking, and they rely on their spirit of self-improvement to overcome the difficulties of water and soil, and overcome the differences in living habits.

In addition, their honesty and trustworthiness are also the key to the prosperity of Jin merchants, as the saying goes, "integrity goes all over the world, and it is difficult to move an inch without trust". In addition, the Jin people regarded the Confucian benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith as the standard for life and work.

The same is true of Huizhou merchants, who are influenced by Confucianism, and have a higher cultural quality, which makes the reputation of Huizhou merchants better and better, and promotes the growth of Huizhou merchants.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the rise of the Hui and Jin merchants was closely related to the following policies:

1.Imperial examination system: The imperial examination system was the main way of selection in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The Hui Shang and Jin Shang families paid attention to family inheritance and family honor, so they often paid attention to the education and selection of their children, and strived to make their children and grandchildren become the best, so as to improve their local status.

2.Market economy: During the Ming and Qing dynasties, a market economy began to gradually take shape, and various commercial activities and market transactions appeared. Because of their geographical location and keen business acumen, Hui merchants and Jin merchants actively participated in market economic activities and obtained greater commercial benefits.

3.Franchising and tax-free policy: During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the rule was relatively relaxed, and the franchise and tax-free policies were adopted for merchants, and merchants were encouraged to engage in commercial activities to make a disturbance, which provided a good policy environment for the development of Hui merchants and Jin merchants.

The above policies played an important role in the rise of the Hui and Jin merchants, especially the gradual rise of the market economy and the tax exemption policy, which became the key factors for the rapid expansion of the Hui and Jin merchant families.

What are the main items to be trafficked by the Hui merchants in the initial business period? （）a.Paper. b.Salt.

c.Tea. d.Silk.

Correct answer and rubber: ac

1. Hui merchants refer to the merchants of Anhui, and the Hui merchants came from Huizhou, including She, Xiuning, Wuyuan, Qimen, Yi, and Jixi counties, that is, the ancient Xin'an County.

2. The Hui merchants began to be active in the Song Dynasty, and their heyday was from the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. The famous merchant gangs in Chinese history, the Hui merchants were all in poor mountainous areas, and there was no way to survive farming. Chao merchants, Hui merchants and Jin merchants are the "three major merchant gangs" in Chinese history.

3. According to the Book of Jin, Huizhou people are good at "parting" and often go out to do business. During the Qi Liang period, Cao Lao, a Xiuning person, often traveled back and forth between the rivers and lakes and engaged in Jia peddling. During the Tang and Song dynasties, in addition to the transportation and marketing of local products such as bamboo, wood, porcelain clay and lacquer, the advent of commercial tea and the four treasures of the study such as inkstone, Hui ink, Chengxintang paper, and Wang Boli pen promoted the development of Huizhou merchants.

1. Hui people do business, have a long history, as early as the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there are records of Xin'an merchants' activities, and there are developments in later generations. The real sense of the Hui merchants should begin in the Southern Song Dynasty, develop in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, form in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, flourish in Jiajing, and form a business group during the Ming Dynasty and Hongzhi. Qianlong reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty, and gradually declined in the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods, reaching more than 600 years before and after, dominating for 300 years, and occupying an important position in the history of Chinese commerce.

2. As a strong force in the Chinese business community, Huizhou businessmen have been active in the north and south of the Great River, on both sides of the Yellow River, as well as in Japan, Siam, Southeast Asian countries and Portugal. Its huge commercial capital, in terms of the number of people, the wide range of activities, the number of industries, and the strength of its management ability, are unmatched by other business gangs, and it has dominated the Chinese business community for hundreds of years.