The main internal causes of susceptibility to pneumonia in children, and the main internal causes of

Causes of pneumonia in children:

1.Primary immunodeficiency diseases: including primary antibody deficiency diseases, cellular immunodeficiency diseases, combined immunodeficiency diseases, complement deficiency diseases, phagocytic deficiency diseases, and other primary immunodeficiency diseases.

2.Congenital lung parenchymal and pulmonary vascular dysplasia: Children with congenital lung parenchymal dysplasia, such as lung sequestration and pulmonary cysts, are prone to recurrent pneumonia or chronic pneumonia. Pulmonary vascular dysplasia leads to pulmonary congestion or ischemia, which is susceptible to co-infection and causes recurrent pneumonia.

3.Congenital airway dysplasia: such as tracheal-bronchial stenosis, tracheal-bronchomalacia, tracheo-bronchial bridge, these malformations often cause airway secretion obstruction and reflux pneumonia.

4.Congenital heart malformations: various congenital heart diseases, especially left-to-right shunt types, can cause recurrent pneumonia due to congestion of the lungs.

5. Primary ciliary dyskinesia : when the cilia structure or function is dysfunctional, due to the impaired mucus clearance of the respiratory tract, the retention of pathogenic microorganisms in the respiratory tract can easily lead to recurrent pneumonia or chronic pneumonia.

6.Cystic fibrosis: In Western countries, cystic fibrosis is the most common cause of recurrent pneumonia in children. The Oriental yellow race is rare, and individual cases in children have been reported in mainland China and Taiwan, suggesting that children in China may have this disease.

7.Intraductal obstruction or extraductal compression: the most common disorder causing intraductal obstruction in children is a bronchial foreign body, followed by tuberculous granulomas and caseating material obstruction, and occasionally tracheal and bronchial primary tumors.

The causes of extraosseous compression of the airway are mediastinum, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, tuberculosis, tumors, and vascular malformations.

8.Bronchiectasis: Localized or extensive bronchiectasis caused by various causes, which can reverse pneumonia due to impaired clearance of secretions.

9.Recurrent aspiration: children with swallowing dysfunction, such as mental retardation, delayed cricopharyngeal muscle development, neuromuscular disorders, and gastroesophageal reflux, can cause recurrent pneumonia due to repeated invasion.

Children are prone to pneumonia, which is mainly related to infectious factors, which are more common in spring, because there are more allergens in spring, such as pollen and mites, and if children accidentally come into contact with it, they may get sick. The reason why some children get pneumonia is mainly because their immunity is too weak, which has a lot to do with the child's improper eating habits.

When we talk about pneumonia, we also refer to pneumonia and asthma in traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine has long recorded the symptoms of pneumonia and asthma in children, and described the relationship between its pulse and the severity of the disease.

Children are prone to pneumonia and wheezing, especially infants under the age of 3. This is closely related to the child's physique. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that in childhood, the physical and physiological functions are not fully developed, especially the external function is not solid, and it is easy to feel external evils.

There are also congenital deficiencies or acquired malnutrition, as well as other diseases (such as malnutrition, rickets, etc.) resulting in weak constitution and low resistance. External evil invades, and the lungs bear the brunt. The lungs are located in the chest, up to the throat, open to the nose, and the outer fur is closed, and the breath of the main body is breathing, which has the effect of publicizing and suppressing.

If the external evil invades the lungs, the lungs are not cleared, so it causes the occurrence of pneumonia and wheezing. Children's spleen and stomach function is weak, if due to unhealthy diet, excessive fat and sweetness, phlegm and heat, or due to spleen health and phlegm dampness, whether phlegm heat or phlegm dampness in the body is an important factor in the disease, under this condition, the invasion of external evil causes the lungs to lose their pronounced fall, and the pulmonary qi is depressed and becomes wheezing and coughing.

Answer]: cChildren have relatively short nasal cavity, no nasal hair, narrow posterior nasal passages, soft mucous membranes, abundant blood vessels, and are prone to infection; In inflammation, it is easy to become congested and swollen and have nasal congestion, resulting in difficulty breathing.

The nasal mucosa is continuous with the sinus mucosa, and the sinus mouth is relatively large, so acute rhinitis is easy to lead to sinusitis; The eustachian tube is wide, short, straight, and horizontal, so nasopharyngitis is easy to invade the middle ear and cause otitis media. The larynx is long, narrow, funnel-shaped, soft mucous membrane, rich in blood vessels, and prone to inflammation and swelling, so laryngitis is prone to obstruction and suffocation. The lumen of the trachea and bronchial tubes are relatively narrow, lack elastic tissue, poor ciliary movement, and are prone to inflammation, and it is easy to cause obstruction during inflammation.

The lung tissue is not yet well developed, the elastic tissue is poorly developed, the blood vessels are abundant, the interstitium is vigorously developed, and the number of alveoli is small, so that the blood content is relatively large and the air content is small, which is easy to be infected, and is easy to cause interstitial pneumonia, atelectasis and emphysema. The non-specific and specific immune function of the respiratory tract in children is poor. Infants and young children are susceptible to respiratory tract infections due to low levels of immunoglobulins, especially secretory Iga (Siga), and insufficient function of alveolar macrophages in the lungs.

The question stem is about the lungs, and this question is selected CThe lungs contain abundant blood and low gas content.

Answer]: Pathogenesis of pneumonia.

Pediatric bronchopneumonia is a source of edema and inflammatory exudation centered on the alveoli, which affects ventilation and ventilation. Hypoventilation causes hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Ventilation dysfunction mainly causes hypoxemia, and ventilation dysfunction leads to hypoxia.

Bacteria and viruses are classified under **. Hypoxia, carbon dioxide retention, toxemia are classified as pathophysiology. It is appropriate to consider "pathogenesis" as a pathophysiological change.

Among the three items of hypoxia, carbon dioxide retention, and toxemia, hypoxia is the most important, so E is selected for this question

The pathogen of pediatric pneumonia in the development of Chinese cherry stalls is mainly bacterial.

Bacteria (scientific name: bacteria) refers to one of the main groups of organisms and belongs to the bacterial domain. It is also the most abundant group of all organisms, with an estimated total of about 5,10,30 individuals.

The shapes of bacteria are quite varied, mainly globular, rod-shaped, and spiral-shaped.

Bacteria also have a great influence on human activities. On the one hand, bacteria are the causative agents of many diseases, which can be transmitted between normal human bodies through various ways, such as contact, digestive tract, respiratory tract, insect bites, etc., which are highly infectious and extremely harmful to society.

On the other hand, bacteria are also often used by humans, such as the production of cheese, yogurt and wine, the manufacture of some antibiotics, and the treatment of wastewater. In the field of biotechnology, bacteria are also widely used.

The spines of bacteria are very small, and the smallest known bacteria are only microns long, so most of them can only be seen under a microscope. Bacteria are generally unicellular cells with a simple cell structure that lacks a nucleus, cytoskeleton, and membranous organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Based on these characteristics, bacteria belong to prokaryotes.

Bacterial colony characteristics:

When the bacteria are streaked and inoculated on the leaky nutrient base of the solid plate culture hood, under suitable culture conditions. Bacteria grow and multiply rapidly. Because bacterial cells are limited by the surface or deep layers of a solid medium and therefore do not spread freely as they do in a liquid medium, the multiplying cells often clump together to form a visible colony.

Due to the dispersion of plate marking, a single colony ** is visible to the naked eye after a certain period of growth in a cell of bacteria, and a colony can be selected and transplanted to another solid inclined medium to obtain a pure culture of bacteria. The colonies formed by various bacteria under certain conditions have certain characteristics, including the size, shape, luster, color, hardness, transparency, etc. of the colonies.

Therefore, the characteristics of bacterial colonies are an important basis for the identification of bacterial strains, and are of great significance in bacterial taxonomy. The characteristics of the colony are determined by the cell structure and growth behavior of the colonies, such as the bacterial capsule, which is directly related to the presence or absence of the colony morphology.

Streptococcus pneumoniae forms smooth colonies due to its capsule, and its surface is smooth and viscous, while the colonies formed by strains without capsules are rough and the surface of the colonies is dry and wrinkled, indicating that the characteristics of the colony are closely related to the structure of bacterial cells.

a.Fever, cough, wheezing and fine crackles in the lungs of the chongzhou stool (correct answer) bFever, cough, and pulmonary exhalation, coarse sound absorption.

c.Fever and cough.

d.Fever, cough, and dry ribbing of the lungs.

Answer]: A bronchopulmonary deficiency is the most common pneumonia in children. In China, bacterial pneumonia is mainly the main lesion, and the lung parenchyma damage is the main attack, and the interstitium can also be affected, mainly manifested as hypoxemia, and in severe cases, it can be combined with carbon dioxide retention.

Answer]: b Hypoxia, carbon dioxide retention and toxemia can lead to a series of symptoms of the circulatory system, digestive system, nervous system and water, electrolyte and acid-base balance disorders, hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention lead to respiratory acidosis; Metabolic acidosis is caused by hypoxemia, high fever, and little eating, so severe pneumonia is often combined with mixed hidden acidosis. This question is chosen or reed.

Answer] Wanton coincidence: a

Bronchopneumonia is a common infectious disease in children, especially infants and young children, and it is more common in children under 2 years of age. Bronchopneumonia has a rapid onset and can occur in all seasons, especially in spring and winter. Common pathogens are viruses and schizobacterium.

Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common virus, followed by adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, etc. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacteria, and other bacteria include streptococcus, staphylococcus, gram-negative bacilli and anaerobic bacteria. The main clinical symptoms of bronchopneumonia are fever, cough, shortness of breath, and fixed moderate and fine crackles in the lungs.