With regard to lysosomes, the process of formation of lysosomes

Lysosomes are produced by the rupture of the Golgi apparatus, and the vesicles wrapped in a single membrane can be more or less in number or size, containing more than 60 kinds of acidic enzymes that can hydrolyze polysaccharides, phospholipids, nucleic acids and proteins, some of which are water-soluble, and some are bound to the membrane. The pH of lysosomes is about 5, which is the optimal pH for enzymatic reactions. According to the different stages in which lysosomes complete their physiological functions, they can be roughly divided into:

Primary lysosomes, secondary lysosomes, and residual bodies. It was discovered in rat hepatocytes in 1955 by Belgian scholar Diff et al.

Occurrence of lysosomes:

Primary lysosomes are formed in the form of budding on the trans side of the Golgi apparatus, and the process of formation is as follows.

Synthesis of lysosomal proteins by endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes Entry into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum for N-linked glycosylation Entry into the Golgi apparatus CIS** capsule N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase recognizes the signal plaque of lysosomal hydrolase Transfer of N-acetylglucosamine phosphate to 1 2 mannose residues Cleave N-acetylglucosamine in the intermembrane sac to form M6P ligand Bind to receptors on the trans membrane sac Selectively packaged as primary lysosomes.

No, the function is different.

The Golgi apparatus is processed.

Protein. , lysosomes.

within. Acidic proteins.

It is processed by the Golgi body, and the Golgi body is processed to have.

Quilt sac. The efflux of the vesicle form is severed from the Golgi apparatus and formed.

Early. Lysosomes, posterior.

Proton pumps. The role is:

internal environment. It is acidic and lysosomal mature.

In fact, the proteins processed by the Golgi apparatus are excreted in the form of vesicles, which are vesicles.

Coating. It's a protein, it's not the Golgi apparatus anymore.

1. Endoplasmic reticulum.

Synthesis of lysosomal proteins by upper ribosomes.

2. Enter the endoplasmic reticulum lumen for n-linked glycosylation.

Modification, lysosomal enzyme protein first with 3 glucose.

9 mannoses.

and 2 N-acetylglucosamine, after excision of three molecules of glucose and one molecule of mannose.

3. Enter the Golgi apparatus.

cis** sac.

4. N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase recognizes the signal plaque of lysosomal hydrolase.

5. Transfer N-acetylglucosamine phosphate to 1 2 mannose residues.

6. N-acetylglucosamine is cleaved by N-acetylglucosamine in the interlaminous sac to form M6P ligand.

7. Binding to receptors on the trans membrane sac selectively packaged as primary lysosomes.

Lysosomes are an organelle within the cell that is mainly involved in the degradation and ** of substances within the cell. The process of its formation is a complex process involving multiple organelles and proteins.

First, lysosomes are synthesized from the Golgi apparatus and transported into the cytoplasm. Then, the precursor volume is combined with the inner form an early endosome. Early endosomes then bind to external substances, such as receptor-mediated endocytosis on cell membranes, to form late endosomes.

In late endosomes, acidic enzymes begin to accumulate, allowing them to gradually become lysosomal precursors. Finally, lysosomal precursors fuse with lysosomal membranes and activate acidic enzymes in an acidic environment to form mature lysosomes.

Overall, the formation of lysosomal traces is a complex process that requires the synergistic action of multiple organelles and proteins. In the open cells, lysosomes play an important role in degradation and education, and are of great significance for maintaining the normal function of cells.

The formation of lysosomes is a rather complex process, involving organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and endosomes. What is more clear is the mannose 6-phosphate sorting pathway: the enzymes of lysosomes start to synthesize in the endoplasmic reticulum, cross the membrane into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, mark the mannose 6-phosphate in the adjacent Golgi band and then ignite in the reverse Golgi network to form lysosomal secretion vesicles, and finally become mature lysosomes through dephosphorylation.

Most lysosomal enzymes contain mannose on the oligosaccharide chain, which is converted to mannose-6-phosphate in the lateral Golgi network. The enzymes of the newly formed lysosomes are encapsulated into lysosomal secretory vesicles through the Golgi complex and bound to membrane receptors in the Golgi reverse-surface network, and free secretory vacuoles are formed through budding. The pH in the lysosomal secretion vesicles is regulated by the H+- proton pump, so that the enzymes of the lysosomes are separated from the receptors, the receptors are recycled, and the lysosomal enzymes become mature primary lysosomes after dephosphorylation.

The lysosomal eggplant deficiency membrane is likely to be formed by the Golgi apparatus in the form of vesicle secretion, followed by the occurrence of lysosomes, lysosomal spiase is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and modified by N-linked glycosylation, and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where the manna residues on the oligosaccharide chain in the cis-sac of the Golgi apparatus are phosphorylated to form M6P, and there are M6P receptors on the anti-sac and TGN membrane of the Golgi apparatus, so that the enzymes of lysosomes are distinguished from other proteins and concentrated, Finally, it is transported into lysosomes in the form of budding.

1 Pinyin 2 English references.

3 annotation róng méi tǐ

lysoome

A sac-like body with a large difference in shape and size, with a diameter of between 50 nm and a few m. On the outside is a unit membrane containing about 50 kinds of hydrolases, which hydrolyze proteins, peptides, sugars, neutral lipids, glycolipids, glycoproteins, nucleic acids and other substances under acidic conditions. When the primary lysosomes are in contact with autophagosomes (various organelles or excess secretory particles that are senescent and damaged in the cell, surrounded by the endoplasmic reticulum) or phagosomes (foreign bacteria, viruses, etc., which are swallowed into the cell by endocytosis and buried by the cell membrane), the membranes at the contact between the two sides are fused, and the contents are mixed to form secondary lysosomes, in the secondary lysosomes. Hydrolase enzymes decompose and digest substances in protoautophagosomes and phagosomes.

The digested products, such as amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, etc., enter the cytoplasm through the lysosomal membrane for utilization by the cell membrane. Residues remain of substances that fail to decompose. Some remnants remain in the cell, while others are excreted in exocytosis.

Thus, lysosomes are important digestive organs within the cell.

Function: First, it fuses with food bubbles to digest large particles such as food or pathogenic bacteria engulfed by cells into biological macromolecules, and the residues are excreted from the cells through exocytosis; Second, in the process of cell differentiation, certain senescent organelles and biological macromolecules are trapped in lysosomes and digested, which is the need of the body itself to renew its tissues.

The main role of lysosomes is digestion, which is the digestive organ within the cell, and the autolysis of cells, defense, and the utilization of certain substances are all related to the digestion of lysosomes.

Lysosomes are organelles that break down biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Lysosomes have a monolayer membrane with a variety of shapes, and are micron-vesicle structures that contain many hydrolytic enzymes.

The function of lysosomes in the cell is to decompose the substances that enter the cell from the outside, and can also digest the cell's own local fine and wide plexus cytoplasm or organelles, when the cell ages, its lysosomes rupture, release hydrolase enzymes, digest the whole cell and make it die.

Primary lysosomes are formed in the form of budding on the trans side of the Golgi apparatus, and the process of formation is as follows.

Synthesis of lysosomal proteins by endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum for N-linked glycosylation, and the lysosomal enzyme proteins are first loaded with 3 glucose, 9 mannoses, and 2 N-acetylglucosamine.

After excision, three molecules of glucose and one molecule of mannose are removed into the Golgi apparatus cis** sac N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase recognizes the signal plaque of lysosomal hydrolase Transfer of N-acetylglucosamine phosphate to 1 2 mannose residues In the intermbraminous sac N-acetylglucosamine is cleaved by N-acetylglucosamine to form M6P ligand, binds to receptors on the trans capsule and selectively packages into primary lysosomes.

Primary lysosomes are formed in the form of budding on the trans surface of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes synthesize lysosomal proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen for N-linked glycosylation, lysosomal enzyme proteins first carry 3 glucose, 9 mannose and 2 N-acetylglucosamine, and then excise three molecules of glucose and one molecule of mannose into the Golgi Cis ** sac.

N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase recognizes the signal plaque of lysosomal hydrolase, transfers N-acetylglucosamine phosphate to 1 2 mannose residues, and cleaves N-acetylglucosamine by N-acetylglucosaminide in the intermembranous sac to form M6P ligand, which binds to the receptor on the trans membrane sac and selectively packages into primary lysosomes.