What are the characteristics of residential houses in the southern and northern regions?

South of ChinaNorthern RegionsThere is still a big difference in the dwellings.

Nanfang Folk Houses are traditional Chinese folk house architecture.

An important part of Jiangsu and Zhejiang.

Water towns pay attention to the front street and back river, but whether it is the south or the north of the Chinese, the common feature of their traditional houses is to sit in the north and face south, pay attention to internal lighting; Wooden beams are used to bear loads, and bricks, stones, and earth are used to build parapets; With the hall as the center, the roof and cornice are painted with carved beams and decorated.

See the long. The general layout of the southern dwellings is about the same as that of the courtyard houses in the north, except that the layout is generally compact, and the courtyard covers a small area to adapt to the local population density.

It is higher and requires less farmland to be occupied.

In the northern region, the walls are thick and cold-resistant. The houses in the rural areas of the north are rigorously laid out, almost all of them are equipped with houses, yards and gates, and the design is horizontal and vertical, with edges and corners, and the square houses are mostly brick and stone tile structures, with flat roofs, and the houses can be dried with grain.

The difference between the north and south of China:

1. Characteristics of southern dwellings.

When it comes to southern architecture, many people immediately think of the beautiful picture of the small bridge and flowing water. Some small towns in the south of the Yangtze River are mostly crossed by a small river, with blue-gray small houses on both banks, horse-head walls and blue-gray tiles, which are quiet and quiet. Most houses are entered through the doorway, which is a patio, next to which there is a stone sink, which is a place for washing clothes and vegetables, and in front of it is a kitchen, which is very large, including the dining room, and when you turn to the left, there is a wooden staircase, and you go upstairs, where there are several bedrooms.

From the upper floor, you can see the patio below, which is paved with bluestone slabs, and is a great place for children to have snowball fights in the summer. Of course, this is just a model, and each family will design the house according to their own characteristics.

The residential courtyards in the southern region are very small, and the surrounding houses are connected as a whole, and the southern houses mostly use the bucket structure, and the housing combination is relatively flexible. In the south, the gables of the houses resemble the heads of horses, and the southern buildings have many pink walls and tiles, and the colors are light and elegant.

The south is rich in water resources, and water flows through the front and back of the house, and the water is also a kind of scenery. Wealthy families like to have houses connected to gardens, which is a garden, and southern gardens do not need a lot of land, but they can create a fairyland. Among them, it is nothing more than a verandah, a leaky window, but it can create a famous hall such as a view and a borrowed environment.

2. Characteristics of northern dwellings.

When it comes to northern dwellings, everyone naturally thinks of the caves on the high slopes of the loess and the courtyard houses of Beijing. The simple and humble courtyard house is a traditional form of housing in Beijing, why is it called"Quadrangle"This is because there are houses on the east, west, south, and north sides of the entire building, enclosed together. Beijing's courtyard courtyards are moderately proportioned, the sun can shine indoors in winter, and the main house is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the courtyard is a place for outdoor activities.

The cave in the northwest region digs the kiln and builds the hole on the sunny side of the high slope of the loess, and the arched door opening is built with bricks in the front part of the cave, and makes the flower decoration, which not only plays the role of ensuring the stability of the loess on the kiln face, but also plays the role of beautifying the living environment, and the material is simple and the technique is natural. On the top of the cave, plant some plants to maintain the water and soil. Looking at the cave from the inside, the roof is arc-shaped and arched, and the stove is connected to the ondol.

Sunlight is easy to enter, wind and sand are difficult to enter. The jujube trees, persimmons, stone mills, and wheels on the well in the courtyard look simple and interesting.

North China rural dwellings into the house is the stove and the dining room - the hall house, in the middle of a table of eight immortals two Taishi chairs, the left and right two bedrooms stove connected to the ondol, the advantage of the bedroom and the stove between the wall to avoid the smoke into the bedroom.

A large part of some of the representative buildings of the northern gardens are royal gardens, such as: the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Chengde Summer Resort. Needless to say, the Forbidden City is a large courtyard with red walls and yellow tiles.

Although the Summer Palace is beautiful, it cannot escape the word "solemn". As for the Chengde Summer Resort, the grandeur is even greater, and it is all built in a mountain. The northerners seem to be born with a love for the red, red, green and green colors, so the carved beams and paintings are all painted, most of them are royal gardens, and the palace gardens are luxurious.

Characteristics of northern dwellings

1. Typical Dibei courtyard layout: Jinan is located in North China, and the dwellings adopt the layout of the courtyard of the northern system. Due to the influence of the idea of Yang Zhai Kanyu, the traditional houses in Jinan have very little change in plane organization.

However, a small number of dwellings will have a rich evolution due to the continuation of the topography or construction time.

2. The type of residential frontage in front of the store and the back house: Furong Street is a typical example of this type. Most of the buildings in the area of Furong Street are old houses with two-storey shops for a hundred years, the upper floor is owned or stored, and the lower floor is tall and spacious, used for business, and it is a typical house with the nature of a front shop and a back house.

This kind of residential building is built with a small brick house in front of the building, and the shop is raised with a horn-shaped curved arch to go out of the building, which omits the columns of the storefront and does not hinder the traffic of the narrow road.

3. Residential color: In terms of color, Jinan's courtyard is different from the bright and bright color of Beijing's courtyard, Jinan residential houses are mostly gray bricks, small green tiles and other local materials, so the overall color is gray, and there are many white lines to outline the line corners, and the window frame is dark red, with cyan tiles, the overall color is more plain and peaceful, highlighting the characteristics of the peaceful and peaceful dwellings, rich in life.

4. Carving: The carving of Jinan dwellings mainly has three parts: brick, stone and wood carving, among which the stone carving techniques are diverse and the content is also the richest. The commonly used carving techniques of brick and stone wood carving in Jinan folk houses include relief, openwork carving, line carving, etc., which are often used together with a variety of carving techniques in Jinan folk houses, and the artistic effect is very rich.

History. Chinese timber-framed houses sprouted in the late Neolithic period. The Hemudu cultural site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, dating back to 5,000 B.C., reflects the level of wooden construction technology at that time. The cave house is also a traditional house.

The Banpo site in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, and the Yangshao cultural site in Jiangzhai in Lintong in central and western China from 5,000 BC show the layout and architecture of the villages at that time, indicating that the Chinese architectural layout method of forming courtyards with houses along the north-south axis has sprouted. In the pre-Qin (221 BC) era, the "imperial residence" or "people's house" was called the "palace room"; From the Qin and Han dynasties, "palace" refers specifically to the residence of the emperor, while "first house" refers to the residence of the nobility.

In the Han Dynasty, the residences of the princes and princes who ate more than 10,000 households and Mendang Avenue were called "first", and those who had less than 10,000 households and entered and exited the inner gate were called "houses". In modern times, residential buildings other than palaces and government offices are collectively referred to as private residences.

A representative of the folk houses of northern China.

Shanxi dwellings are the representatives of northern dwellings, and the most representative ones are Pingyao and Qixian. The ancient city of Pingyao has preserved the style of the Ming and Qing dynasties quite well, and is known as "the collection and treasure house of ancient Chinese residential buildings". The number of cultural relics and historic sites preserved and the high grade are really rare in China.

It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997. There are more than 400 modern dwellings preserved in the ancient city, which typically reflect the style and characteristics of modern northern dwelling architecture in China.

The style of the northern dwellings.

1.Cave type.

Cave dwellings are mainly distributed in Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and other areas with thick loess layer in central and western China. Taking advantage of the characteristics of the loess wall that does not fall, the arched cave is excavated horizontally. This kind of cave saves building materials, the construction technology is simple, warm in winter and cool in summer, economical and applicable.

Caves can generally be divided into five types: mountain kiln, flat kiln, brick kiln, stone kiln or adobe kiln.

2.Beijing Residences.

Courtyard houses are traditional residences in Beijing and even in North China. Its basic characteristics are that the houses and courtyards are symmetrically arranged according to the north-south axis of the Beijing quadrangle, sitting in the north and facing south, the gate is generally open in the southeast corner, and there is a shadow wall built in the door, so that outsiders can not see the activities in the courtyard. The main house is located on the central axis, and the side is the transept and the left and right wings.

The main room is the living room of the elders, and the wing rooms are used for the younger generations, which also reflects the orthodox and rigorous traditional character of the people of North China. Beijing area belongs to the warm temperate, semi-humid continental monsoon climate, cold winter and little snow, spring drought and windy sand, therefore, the residential design pays attention to thermal insulation and cold protection and shelter from wind and sand, the perimeter brick wall, the whole courtyard is surrounded by houses and walls, hard mountain roof, walls and roofs are relatively thick.

The courtyard houses in northern China are the most typical courtyard houses in Beijing. The courtyard sits in the north and faces south, and the gate is open in the southeast corner, which is called "Kanzhai Xunmen", which is considered auspicious, and is actually conducive to maintaining privacy and increasing the change of space. Enter the gate and turn west to the outer courtyard, arrange guest rooms, servants' rooms, kitchens and toilets.

From the outer courtyard to the north through a gorgeous hanging flower door into the square and large inner courtyard, the north side of the main house called the hall, enshrine the "heaven and earth monarch teacher" tablet, hold family etiquette, receive distinguished guests, its left and right ear rooms live in the elders and used as a study. The wings on both sides of the courtyard are the junior living rooms. Each room is connected by a "hand-copying verandah", which does not have to go through the open air, and you can also sit in the corridor to enjoy the flowers and trees in the courtyard.

The more typical ones are:

Beijing Courtyard Houses: Rare now;

Inner Mongolia's yurts: also disappearing;

Caves in northwest Shaanxi: It seems that they are also declining;

The most common are tiled houses, including adobe houses (with hot kangs) in the northeast.

Most of the houses in Anhui and Jiangsu are in the southern style.

<> five distinctive characteristics of southern folk houses:

1. Guangdong dwellings: Wok ear houses are representatives of traditional Lingnan houses, mostly made of blue bricks, stone pillars and stone slabs, and the outer walls have flower and bird patterns. Because its gable shape resembles a wok's ear, it is called "wok's ear house". Hakka and other places in northern Guangdong are called "cloud walls" or "teapot rings".

2. Jiangsu Folk Houses: Jiangsu Folk Houses are represented by Suzhou. Known as the "Venice of the East", Suzhou has a dense water network, flat terrain, houses are mostly built according to the water, doors, steps, and aisles are all located next to the water, and the dwellings are naturally melted into the water, roads, and bridges, with many buildings and brick and tile structures.

3. Shanghai Folk Residence: Located in Shanghai at the mouth of the Yangtze River, it has a superior geographical location and is one of the birthplaces of modern national industry. The economy is developed, the quality of the housing is good, most of the buildings are brick and tile structures, the style is novel, beautiful and generous, the architectural style fully shows the influence of human factors, and there is quite a shadow of "Shanghai style" culture.

4. Shaoxing Residence: Taimen was originally an "honorific title" for the residence of people with status. With the changes of history, the courtyards with a certain scale and closed and independent are called Taimen.

5. Chaoshan dwellings: bearing the load with wooden beams, and building retaining walls with bricks, stones and earth; Centered on the hall house, it is known for its carved beams and decorative roofs and cornices.

There are many styles of northern dwellings in <>, including courtyard houses, loess caves, cellar courtyards, slate houses, North China dwellings, etc.; The forms of southern dwellings are more complex, such as East China architecture, Hui architecture, patio courtyards, courtyard houses, tulou in Fujian, stilted buildings in Yunnan and Guizhou, and watchtowers in Qinghai-Tibet.

Courtyard house, also known as courtyard house, is a traditional courtyard style building in China, its pattern is a courtyard with houses on all sides, and the courtyard is enclosed in the middle from all sides, so it is called courtyard house. The quadrangle is the house in front of the triple courtyard and the gatehouse is added to close it. If it is in the shape of a "mouth", it is called a courtyard; The "day" shaped one is called the Erjin courtyard; The "目" shaped one is called the three-entry courtyard.

Generally speaking, in the courtyard, the first entry is the gate house, the second entry is the hall, the third entry or the back entry is the private room or boudoir, which is the activity space of women or dependents, and ordinary people are not allowed to enter at will. The deeper the courtyard, the less you can peep into it.

Characteristics of Southern Folk Houses:

There is a lot of rain in the south, and the roof slope is large, which is easy to drain; The winter in the south is not very cold, and there is generally no heating equipment in the house; The air in the south is humid, the house has large windows and high walls, so it should be ventilated and moisture-proof.

Characteristics of northern dwellings

The north is dry, and the roof is mostly flat or has a small slope; The winter in the north is severe and the summer is shorter, the house pays attention to cold protection and warmth, and has heating equipment: warm ondol, warm wall, and hearth; The north should be protected from the wind and cold, the walls are thick and simple, and the walls and windows have good thermal insulation functions.