What is Hegel s coefficient What is the Genegel coefficient

Hegel was born in Stuttgart, Germany, in August 1770. In 1801, at the age of 30, Hegel taught at the University of Jena, and it was not until 1829, when he became rector of the University of Berlin, that his philosophical ideas were finally established as the King James doctrine of the Prussian state. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to say that he is a late bloomer.

Hegel regarded the Absolute Spirit as the primordial principle of the world. The Absolute Spirit is not something beyond the world, and nature, human society, and the spiritual phenomena of man are all manifestations of it at different stages of development. Therefore, the process of replacement, development, and eternal life of things is the Absolute Spirit itself.

The task and purpose of Hegel's philosophy is to show the absolute spirit embodied through nature, society and thinking, and to reveal its development process and its regularity, in fact, to reveal the dialectical relationship between thinking and existence, and to reveal the dialectical identity of the two on the basis of idealism.

Around this basic proposition, Hegel established a breathtaking system of objective idealism, which mainly deals with the three stages of the development of the absolute spiritual self: logic, natural philosophy, and spiritual philosophy. Hegel applied the principle of this dialectic from beginning to end in his discussion of the development of every concept, thing, and whole system.

This is one of the most astonishing and daring reflections in the history of human thought. Engels later spoke highly of it: "Modern German philosophy reached its zenith in Hegel's system, in which Hegel for the first time – and this is his great merit – described the whole natural, historical, and spiritual world as in constant motion, change, transformation, and development, and attempted to reveal the inner connection of this movement and development." ”

Is it Engel's coefficient? If it is the ratio of food expenditure to the whole month, it is used to look at a coefficient of wealth and poverty.

In 1857, the world-famous German statistician Engel (Engel) clarified a law: as household and individual incomes increase, the proportion of income spent on food will gradually decrease, this law is called Engel's law, and the coefficient reflecting this law is called Engel's coefficient. Its formula is expressed as:

Engel's coefficient (%)Total food expenditure Total household or personal consumption expenditure 100%Engel's law mainly expresses a certain trend in the proportion of food expenditure in total consumption expenditure with changes in income. The correlation between household income and food expenditure is revealed, and the proportion of food expenditure to total consumption expenditure is used to illustrate the impact of economic development and income increase on living consumption. As we all know, food is the first need for human survival, and when the income level is low, it must occupy an important position in consumer expenditure.

With the increase of income, when the demand for food is basically satisfied, the focus of consumption will begin to shift to other aspects such as clothing and use. Therefore, the poorer a country or family lives, the greater Engel's coefficient; Conversely, the richer the life, the smaller the Engel coefficient.

Internationally, the Engel coefficient is often used to measure the living standards of people in a country or region. According to the criteria proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, an Engel coefficient above 59% is considered poor, 50-59% is subsistence and clothing, 40-50% is moderately well-off, 30-40% is rich, and less than 30% is the richest. When using this standard in China to make international and urban-rural comparisons, it is necessary to take into account those incomparable factors, such as the difference in the price of consumer goods, the difference in residents' living habits, and the special factors caused by the difference in social and economic systems.

The non-comparability of these cross-sectional comparisons should be eliminated accordingly in the analysis and comparison. In addition, when observing changes in historical conditions, it should be noted that the Engel coefficient reflects a long-term trend, rather than an absolute tendency to decline year by year. It is to iron out short-term fluctuations to find long-term trends.

LZ is a combination of the Gini coefficient and the Engel coefficient, both of which are used in economics to express the degree of development and the degree of wealth and poverty (Gini coefficient).

The Gini coefficient is an index proposed by the Italian economist Gini in 1922 to quantitatively measure the degree of disparity in income distribution. Based on the Lorenz curve, the index for judging the degree of distributive equality (as shown in the figure below) is found, and the area between the real income distribution curve and the absolute equality curve of income distribution is a, and the area at the bottom right of the real income distribution curve is b. And divide a by the quotient of a + b to indicate the degree of inequality.

This value is known as the Gini coefficient or Lorenz coefficient. Its economic implication is: the percentage of the total inhabitant income that is used for unequal distribution.

The minimum Gini coefficient is equal to 0, which indicates that the income distribution is absolutely equal; The maximum is equal to 1, indicating that the income distribution is absolutely unequal; The actual Gini coefficient is between 0 and 1. If personal income tax equalizes income, the Gini coefficient will be smaller. The relevant organizations of the United Nations stipulate that:

If it is lower than the average income is highly average; Indicates that it is relatively average; The representation is relatively reasonable; indicates a large income gap; The above indicates a wide disparity in income.

Engel's coefficient is the share of total food expenditure to total personal consumption expenditure.

It refers to the proportion of food consumption in the total consumption of a country's residents. In general, the smaller the percentage, the higher the standard of living.

The landlord is talking about the Engel coefficient! It is a reflection of people's standard of living!