Summarize the problem of Gongye Chang in one sentence, The Analects of Gongye Long Chapter 5 .

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5.7 Zi said: "The way is not good, take the pole (1) to float in the sea, from (2) me, the reason is also the same!" "Zilu is happy to hear it. Zi said: "You are so brave that you can beat me, and you have nothing to learn." ”

Professor Fu Peirong's opinion:

If the ideal can't be realized, just take a raft to go overseas, and the one who will send me there is probably Zilu. Zilu was very happy to hear it. Why?

Because the teacher wants to immigrate abroad, only one person is brought, and that is Zilu. As a result, Zilu was happy, and Confucius went on to say, Zilu is more brave than me, but we can't find suitable wood. Because if you're going to build a raft to cross the sea, that kind of wood must be very special.

We have to analyze this, many people translate nothing as Confucius's teachings, and the problem is that they don't consider the exclamations together, I don't really want to emigrate. This material is the judgment of the matter of adjudication, general. How can there be such a teacher, who says that he wants to take a raft to go overseas, and he wants to take Zilu, and after Zilu is happy, he then says why are you so stupid, can't you judge things?

I'm sighing, I can't say that. So in the first part, I will talk about the metaphor, talk about the raft, and then I will say that I can't find such firewood, what does it mean? It means that I don't really want to go abroad.

I just lamented that I wasn't needed here, and tried somewhere else, but of course he didn't make the trip.

Meng Wubo asked Zilu Renhu? Zi said: "I don't know." He asked again. Zi said: "By also, the country of a thousand times, you can make it endowed, and you don't know its benevolence." ”

What is the request? Zi said: "Ask for it, the city of a thousand rooms, the house of a hundred times, you can make it slaughtered, I don't know."

Its benevolence also. "What about red? Zi said: "Chiye, the belt stands in the court, so that the guests can talk to them, but they don't know their benevolence." ”

Meng Wubo asked Confucius, "Zilu has achieved benevolence, right?" Confucius said

I do not know. Meng Wubo asked again. Confucius said

Nakayuma, in a country with a thousand military vehicles, you can let him manage the military, but I don't know if he did it. Meng Wubo asked again: "How is this person Ran Qiu?"

Confucius said: "Ran begged this man to let him be the governor of a public estate with a thousand households or a quarry with a hundred military chariots, but I don't know if he was benevolent." Meng Wubo asked again.

What about Gongxichi? Confucius said: "Gongxi Chi, you can let him wear a ceremonial dress, stand on the court, and receive distinguished guests, I don't know if he has done benevolence."

In this text, Confucius evaluates three of his students, and the evaluation criterion is "benevolence". He said that some of them can manage the military, some can manage internal affairs, and some can handle foreign affairs. In Confucius's view, although each of them has their own expertise, all these specialties must serve the political needs of etiquette and rule by virtue, and must be premised on having benevolent and moral sentiments.

In fact, he placed "benevolence" in a higher position.

Since we can have so many friends, are there any kinds of friends? Confucius said: "The gentleman is harmonious but different, and the villain is the same but not harmonious."

"Harmony" can be regarded as open and inclusive, and "same" can be regarded as closed and single. In terms of interpersonal communication, "harmony" refers to associating with different types of people, and "same" refers to making friends only with like-minded people. What do the different types mean?

I find the word "friend" actually difficult to define, and on many occasions "friend" is just synonymous with "useful acquaintance". Reluctantly classifying, it is possible to focus on an individual, from his subjective point of view, and draw a circle on the scale of the proportion of instrumental purposes and value or emotional identity purposes. The tightest thing around the individual is the friend who is mainly bound by pure value identity, and the more peripheral the friend, the heavier the instrumentality.

Of course, the so-called instrumentality and identity are only for the convenience of division, and in practice, the two are mixed together, and it is difficult to cut it all together. However, there are also extreme cases, if we have no feelings for a person, and there is only use value left in our relationship with him, I think even if we call it a friend, the connotation will be sour. This is only a subjective division, objective real life often allows us to maintain the closest relationship with instrumental friends, and identity friends may not see each other several times a year, but the hearts of two people are still the same, objective can't, subjective and don't need to meet.

The so-called "gentlemen's friendship is as light as water" may refer to this situation. However, this division is still not tight, and only the normal, synchronic situation is considered. At various stages of life, we make both of these friends.

Some friends are with each other for a lifetime, some friends only solve urgent needs, and some friends only go on the same road in the journey of life. The most cherished are old friends, and the most memorable are friends who appear at critical moments in life and cannot be together forever. It's a shame in life, but then again, we don't have to keep in touch.

Because the likeness of emotions and the recognition of values often only arise in a certain situation and a certain opportunity. The obsessive pursuit of a comprehensive understanding can wipe out the beauty of a moment. The so-called distance produces beauty, and it is impossible for me and him to achieve a harmony in every aspect.

Therefore, Zi said: "You can learn with you, but you can't learn with the right way; It can be with the right way, but not with the opposite; It can be established, but it cannot be right. "Further, if we can appreciate what others are different from, it is not difficult to make friends with them.

This does not contradict a sense of identity. Accepting or even appreciating the difference means that we identify with the "difference" of the other party from the opposite side, seek "sameness" from "difference", and achieve the realm of "harmony". This may be the basis for what Confucius said, "gentlemen are harmonious but different".

If Yu Boya is a homogeneous identity to Zhongzi, then Zhuangzi is a heterogeneous identity to Huishi. Just like the two sides of the contradiction, without either side, the other side will lose the value of existence.

Spring and Autumn Left Pass.

Test Question Analysis: Writers' works are easy to mix, and the author's representative works of country should be remembered clearly when remembering, and their status in the history of literature and their influence on later generations are also the focus of memory.

1.What I pursue is this, and what I get is this, what do I have to complain about?

2.That is to say, the Heavenly Dao treats all living beings equally, without partiality, and often unconsciously and secretly helps kind people.

Idioms in the Analects.

2. [Clever words] Clever words: Clever words; Lingse: A flattering expression.

The Analects of Learning" said: "Clever words make color, fresh and benevolent!" ”

4. [Review the old and know the new] Wen: review; Therefore: old. Review old knowledge and gain new understanding and experience. It also refers to recalling the past and being able to better understand the present. 【Source】"The Analects of Politics": "Reviewing the old and learning the new can be a teacher." ”

6. [Is tolerable, which is unbearable] is: this; Who: That.

Confucius said that Ji's family, dancing in the court, is tolerable, but unbearable. ”

7. [Perfect] extremely perfect, extremely beautiful. Refers to perfection without any flaws. [source] "Analects of the Eight Hundred": "Zi is "Shao": "As good as possible, and as good as possible." It is said that "Wu": "It is perfect, but it is not perfect." ’”

9. The idiom "rotten wood cannot be carved" is also called "rotten wood dung, which is a metaphor for people who have been corrupted to the point of incorrigibility." 【Source】"The Analects of Gongye Chang" is slaughtered by day. Zi said: "Rotten wood cannot be carved, and the wall of dung cannot be smashed." ”

10. [Listen to his words and watch his deeds] Listen to his words, but also look at his actions. It means not only listening to words, but also looking at actual actions. [source] "The Analects of Gongye Chang": "Today, I am also a person, listen to his words and watch his deeds." ”