What is the administrative practice of modern urban planning formation

Haussmann began his role as the administrator of Paris in 1853 and carried out a complete remodeling of Paris through his direct participation and organization. This reconstruction divides the structure of the city by cutting roads and connects the areas on both sides of the Seine. In the street reconstruction, combined with the needs of neat and beautiful streetscape construction, standard housing layout methods and street furniture appeared.

The construction of two forest parks on both sides of the city, and the allocation of a large number of large areas of public open space in the city, thus establishing a model for the construction of contemporary capitalist cities, and becoming a model for urban reconstruction in Europe and the American continent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Optimization of the layout of urban functions.

Answer]: Respectful Leather B

The reconstruction of Paris, France is an administrative practice of modern urban planning. This reconstruction, in which ** was directly involved and organized, divided the entire urban fabric by cutting roads and connecting the regions on both sides of the Seine. At the same time as the street reconstruction, combined with the needs of neat and beautiful streetscape construction, the Changcha standard housing layout mode and street furniture appeared.

Two forest parks were built on both sides of the city, and a large number of large public open spaces were placed in the city, thus establishing a model for the construction of contemporary capitalist cities, and became a model for urban renewal in Europe and the American continent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Answer] :d 5 foundations of modern urban planning.

Ideological basis: utopian socialism (Moore Utopia); Owen practiced "Concord Village" in the United States in 1817; Gordin, practiced in France from 1859 to 1870.

Legal Practice: UK legislation on urban sanitation and workers' housing.

Administrative Practice: Reconstruction of Paris, France (Haussmann).

Technical basis: The American Urban Beautification Movement: marked by the comprehensive improvement of municipal buildings in 1893 when Zhihong accompanied the Canadian Boyou to make a good balance.

Practical basis: company city construction.

Answer]: The basis for the formation of modern urban planning includes: The ideological basis for the formation of modern urban planning - utopian socialism; The Legal Basis for the Formation of Modern Urban Planning – UK Legislation on Urban Sanitation and Workers' Housing; the administrative practice of modern urban planning – the reconstruction of the city in Paris, the urban renovation of the city's water supply and drainage facilities, environmental sanitation, parks and cemeteries, etc.; the technical basis for the formation of modern urban planning - urban beautification; The practice of modern urban planning is the foundation of the company city.

Answer]: The construction of company C city is the practical basis for the formation of modern urban planning. The construction of a company city is a small town funded by the capitalists in order to solve the problem of housing and transportation for the workers working in their factories nearby, so as to improve the production capacity of the workers.

There are many examples of this type of town in the 19th century in Western countries. Among them, the town built by Pullman in the United States in 1881 on the south side of Chicago is the most typical.

Answer]: The construction of company city is the practical basis for the formation of modern urban planning. The construction of the company town was a small town built and managed by the capitalists at the expense of the high-ranking tenants in order to solve the housing problem of the workers working in their factories in the vicinity and thus improve the production capacity of the workers.

There are many examples of this type of town in Western countries after the middle of the 19th century. Among them, the town built by Pullman in 1881 on the south side of Chicago is the most typical of the hailstorms in the United States.

Characteristics of urban planning in our country:

1.Influenced by the planned economy, the tradition of urban planning in China is based on material planning. To this day, this tradition has not been departed.

A large number of planning behaviors and practical activities are manifested in drawing blueprints for urban or regional design, and China's planners are mainly composed of architects, designers, and engineers.

2.Under the market economy system, the process of urban development has become increasingly difficult to grasp and control. The trend of interest diversification in urban construction behavior is becoming more and more obvious, and the process of urban construction and development from project content, site selection to final construction is increasingly affected by market rules.

3.Under the conditions of market economy, urban planning, as a representative of social rationality, undertakes the important function of avoiding and preventing market failure and promoting economic development, and has not yet reached a consensus among all planners in China. How to explore the means and methods to achieve social justice and efficiency under the socialist market economy system is still in the initial stage of research.

4.The formulation of most urban plans in China is still at the stage of decision-making by experts and leaders, and public participation is only at the stage of shallow public publicity, and the collection and absorption of public opinions have not yet formed a systematic and orderly channel and method.

Enlightenment:1Under the conditions of market economy, urban planning, as a representative of social rationality, bears the responsibility of avoiding and preventing market failure and promoting economic development. The core issue of urban planning under the market economy is social justice around the distribution of spatial resources.

2.With the transformation of society, the pluralism of individual interests will become more and more obvious, and the public's attention to the orientation of spatial resource allocation will continue to increase. In terms of planning, China should try to introduce more democratic public participation, discussion and consultation, so as to reach a consensus.

It is necessary to form systematic and orderly channels and methods for the collection and absorption of public opinions.

3.There are failures in the market, and there are failures in planning interventions. There is a need to find a hybrid system that allows markets to be efficient and social equity.

China's socialist market economy system has created a macro-political and economic framework that Western societies do not have. We need to continue to find concrete and feasible operational solutions and means under this framework.

4.Urban planning itself needs to evolve. Our planning should not continue the old way, but should be updated in a timely manner, and find appropriate theories and methods to adapt to the changing society.

Planners should understand the laws of market economy operation and the social changes caused by change, and master many knowledge and skills in planning as a means of intervention and organic social process.

Features: (1) Comprehensive. Comprehensiveness is one of the most important characteristics of urban planning, which is reflected at all levels, in all fields and in all kinds of work.

2) Policy. On the one hand, it must fully reflect the relevant national policies and be a tool for the implementation of national macro policies; On the other hand, the urban development strategy, the scale of urban development, the land for urban construction, the scale and standard of the allocation of various facilities, and the adjustment of urban land are the comprehensive embodiment of national policies and social interests.

3) Democracy. It is required that urban planning can fully reflect the interests and wishes of urban residents, ensure the coordinated development of social economy, and make the urban planning process called the process of citizens participating in the formulation of plans and mobilizing the people of the whole city to implement the plans.

4) Practicality. Urban planning is a social practice and a social system that plays a role in the process of urban development. Urban planning is a process that needs to fully consider short-term needs and long-term development to ensure coordinated socio-economic development.

Compared with the clear guiding ideology of traditional Chinese urban planning, Western urban planning reflects a kind of pluralism and historicity. We can roughly divide the development of Western cities into several important phases (before the Industrial Revolution): the Classical Period, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Baroque Period.

At each stage, Western cities present different morphological characteristics, which not only reflect the difference in planning ideas, but more importantly, reflect a change in social structure. Because, the city is the external microcosm of human society.

The comparison of Chinese and Western urban planning is really a big proposition, but when we compare them horizontally and vertically, we seem to be able to smell some of the flavor of this proposition. Perhaps because of the differences in geographical and political conditions, the development of urban planning in China and the West presents us with an interesting phenomenon. In China, the idea of urban planning was basically formed more than 2,000 years ago, and its subsequent evolution can only be said to be a supplement and improvement, which seems to be consistent with the history of Chinese philosophy.

In the West, planning thinking has undergone great changes with the difference of time and space, and it is constantly self-denying and renewing. This phenomenon has become more and more obvious after the Industrial Revolution, which is worth pondering.

China's urban planning is characterized by disorganization, lack of sight, and forgetfulness of profit.

The drainage facilities in major cities are not perfect, and light rain becomes a lake, and heavy rain becomes a sea.

There is no planning for underground pipelines, it takes several years to dig today, and tomorrow it needs to be dug tomorrow.

The protection of ancient buildings in various cities is not effective, and architectural planning is approved for personal interests, ancient buildings are destroyed for the construction of new buildings, tourism resources are destroyed, and new buildings are demolished and antique buildings are built in order to promote tourism.

Looking at the urban planning of Western countries, you can refer to the urban planning of Qingdao, the drainage facilities are relatively perfect, and the protection of ancient buildings is better.

The main problems that exist in urban planning in our country now.

1) The strength of urban economic development is insufficient - the guarantee of economic development of the city.

2) Weak urban infrastructure - the main components of modern cities, there are too many debts.

3) Urban Planning Theory, Design and Management.

It is narrated in terms of society, economy, culture, population, etc.

Characteristics: comprehensive and complex, rigid and flexible, forward-looking and delayed, participatory and open.

You can take a look at the relevant theories of smart development, and it will definitely benefit a lot.

Answer] Blind Judge: D

Item A, based on the applicability of administrative acts and the scope of the objects of their effectiveness, can be divided into internal administrative acts and external administrative acts.

Item (b) is divided into essential administrative acts and non-essential administrative acts, based on the criterion of whether administrative acts should have a certain statutory form.

Item c, based on whether an administrative act should have a certain legal form, can be divided into acts of action and acts of omission.

Item d, based on the manner in which the administrative power is played and the legal relationship formed by the implementation of administrative acts, can be divided into administrative legislation, administrative law enforcement, and administrative judicial acts.

Answer] There are many ways to classify administrative acts in :d, and different standards can be classified differently. In the practice of urban planning and management, the following are often encountered:

According to the criterion of whether the object of the administrative act is specific, it is divided into abstract administrative acts and specific administrative acts; Based on the scope of the applicability and effectiveness of administrative acts, they can be divided into internal administrative acts and external administrative acts; Administrative acts are based on the degree of legal constraints, and can be divided into binding administrative acts and discretionary administrative acts; Based on whether an administrative organ can take the initiative to take an administrative act, it is divided into an ex officio administrative act and an administrative act upon application; Based on the number of parties involved in the expression of intent at the time of the establishment of an administrative act, administrative acts are divided into unilateral administrative acts and bilateral (multi-party) administrative acts; Based on the criterion of whether an administrative act should have a certain statutory form, it is divided into essential administrative acts and non-essential administrative acts; Based on the criterion of whether an administrative act should have a certain legal form, it can be divided into acts of conduct and acts of non-filial piety; Based on the mode of action of administrative power and the legal relationship formed by the implementation of administrative acts, Qiaozhou can be divided into administrative legislation, administrative law enforcement and administrative judicial acts.