33 History of Western Philosophy by Hilbeck

Aristotle: Wonder and leisure.

There is also the speculative character of the Greeks, which arises mainly due to:

The first stage: the founding of natural philosophy and the stage of metaphysical germination.

The core question: the question of the origin of all things.

The second stage: the stage from natural philosophy to metaphysics on the basis of Rutgers.

The core issue: the question of "being" and "one".

The third stage: the decline of Greek metaphysics and the focus on ethics and philosophy of life.

The core question: if people can achieve the happiness state of "unmoved".

Biography

Born on the island of Samos, he studied early in Thales and Anaximander. At the age of 40, due to a conflict with the Lord of Samos, he moved to the city-state of Croton in southern Italy.

Some of the points presented:

The number of origins said

The origin of all things is numbering, and everything contains a quantitative relationship.

Numbers, as the origin of all things, have transcended the beginning of the sensual material sense of the Miletus school and have taken on the meaning of abstract principles. In epistemology, he created a rationalist line of thought.

Number is a principle of proportion or abstraction that determines the nature of things, ten pairs of basic opposing categories:

There are definite and amorphous, odd and even, one and many, right and left, yang and yin, static and moving, straight and curved, light and dark, good and evil, square and rectangular. The former is superior to the latter.

1 - Soul 2 - Opinion - Justice 5 - Marriage 8 - Friendship and Love 10 - Completeness.

Significance

1.In addition to the rise from sensuality to abstract principles, the amorphous form was also abandoned, and for the first time a fixed supreme principle was established.

Status: Is the heir to the throne.

Personality: arrogant, unscrupulous, extreme elitist.

Cause of death: 10,000 years of isolation, eating tree bark and grass roots and dying of edema.

Fire Origin said

The past, present, and future will always be an eternal living fire, burning and extinguishing at a certain measure.

If you die of fire, you will be angry, and if you are angry, you will be watery.

"A certain measure" adds the principle of definite to the principle of amorphousness. That measure is Logos.

Logos

Objective meaning: law or order.

Subjective meaning: reason and wisdom.

The original meaning is Chinese, which derives the meaning of law, fate, scale, proportion and inevitability.

Heraclitus's Logos is not only a quantitative prescriptive, but also a qualitative necessity.

Logos is not imposed on fire, but is the measure inherent in fire itself.

The founder of dialectics

First, everything is in a general state of motion, change, and mutual transformation. One cannot step into the same river twice.

Second, the root cause of movement change is the conflict of opposites.

Third, emphasize the relativity of things and different evaluation criteria.

Koladiru is pushed to the extreme: one cannot step into the same river at a time. He even refuses to put things into words.

1. Russell's History of Western Philosophy, which mainly focuses on the investigation of the social and political conditions of philosophical thought in various eras, and analyzes its connection with the ideas of their respective eras. And there are misreadings of certain philosophers, such as Kant. The full title of this work is "A History of Western Philosophy:

2. Tilly, A History of Western Philosophy. The work is rigorous and serious, concise and to the point, and the material is informative. But the style of writing is dry and boring, and it is difficult to capture the hearts of beginners. It can be used to enrich basic knowledge. Personally, I think: it can be read.

3. Stumpf, A History of Western Philosophy: From Socrates to Sartre and Beyond. A brief diagram of the history of Western philosophy, from the table of contents alone, you can understand the development history and joint points of Western philosophy. Personally: recommended.

4. Hilbeck, A History of Western Philosophy: From Ancient Greece to the Twentieth Century. As the author says, this is a simple work of general history, with concise content.

Compared with the previous books, this work has many advantages: first of all, the positioning is relatively low, and it is not obscure. Secondly, his style is unique, like a mentor and friend who is good at provoking the reader's thinking.

Secondly, it is more like teaching philosophy and explaining the history of philosophy than other histories of philosophy (whether translated or Chinese). Finally, the original Chinese translation of Zhu Xianzhe is attached. Of course, it has its limitations.

Since the author specializes in the philosophy of science, the book also focuses on the history of scientific thought. Also, there is no introduction to Schopenhauer's philosophy. Personally, I think:

Highly recommended! 5. Chinese works, such as Zhao Dunhua's "A Brief History of Western Philosophy", Zhao Lin and Deng Xiaomang's "History of Western Philosophy", have not been read below, only browsed. The introduction of the history of Western philosophy in these two books is also concise and easy to understand, and they are designated textbooks by the Department of Philosophy.

In addition, I found that Hilbeck's philosophical history has been revised recently, and new contents have been added, and what I remember are: 1. The relationship between Mill's utilitarianism and liberalism is introduced.

2. The theory of the state adds the views of Francis Fukuyama. 3. In American pragmatism, "synergy or objectivity" has been added, that is, Richard Rorty's theory.

These are all cutting-edge content in scholarship.

Tilly's words are philosophy textbooks in American colleges and universities, and they will be quite professional.

History of Western Philosophy (Volume III) is a book published by Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House in 2005, and the author is Huang Yusheng.

In this context, it mainly refers to the reality, reality, or possession and manifestation of all things in the universe in time and space, especially the reality, reality, or possession and manifestation of life-containing or animistic objects in the vast inner world.

There are many, too many problems that human beings need to solve.

Since ancient times, human beings have been trying to understand the three aspects of the universe: What is it? What do you think? Why?

At present, natural science theories are basically able to barely explain the world. What do you think? But the question of why or the purpose of the world is still largely clueless, and the question that exists is primarily a question of why or the purpose of the world (especially the purpose of human existence).

Therefore, the core content of Western philosophies is a question about the purpose of life, the meaning of life, the value of life, the pain of life, the happiness and happiness of life, the human heart, and the human soul. These are also the problems that have most troubled philosophers, religious scholars and thinkers in ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, and which still cannot be reasonably explained and explained in modern scientific logic, let alone solved them.

[Definition]: The so-called philosophical copy

Xue, in mathematical language, is "point du point", that is, viewpoint, argument, starting point, foothold.

To solve the problem.

Ask dao]: 1. What does existence mean in this sentence?

Answer: Philosophy has a very important function, that is, to provide theoretical basis, to put it in layman's terms, whether the [basis] of a theory can be found in reality.

In other words, the abstraction of the real problem becomes a theoretical basis, and whether it corresponds to the indicators to measure it is mathematically more sufficient, such as "compatibility consistency" and so on. A well-known scholar in this area is Russell.

Dao Yi. However, after Kant proposed the contradiction of the two laws, philosophical thinking encountered a logical dead end, so in modern philosophy, the debate about "being" is reduced to a semantic problem, and "what is being" is a false question, a meaningless question. Modern philosophy no longer asks: What is existence?

What is the nature of the universe?

Every history of philosophy has its flaws, and in the history of philosophy that I have personally read, I have found that Tilly's exposition is not clear, and many of the views are relatively general, and if you don't understand the details, it is easy to either pass by at a glance or be unpredictable.

What the landlord wants to see is modern Western philosophy, and the domestic masterpiece is Liu Fangtong's "New Modern Western Philosophy", but this book is relatively early, the ideology is a little, the content is the same as Tilly's, a bunch of philosophers, each philosopher is not very detailed. I suggest that the landlord read Li Chaojie's "The Spirit of Modern Western Philosophy" and Zhang Ruyuan's "Fifteen Lectures on Modern Western Philosophy".

In addition, Tilly's history of philosophy seems to have a complete copy of Wood, but it is a snake's tail, so it is not recommended to read it.

Finally, if the landlord wants to have an in-depth understanding of the Western philosophy before the modern Western philosophy, he can make up a copy of Zhao Dunhua's "Lectures on Western Philosophy Classics"), which is a special lecture he gives to graduate students, which is a special course for an in-depth analysis of a certain philosopher's thought. In addition, the beginning of the book mainly talks about the method of learning Western philosophy.