Describe the development and achievements of celadon 10

1) Development: China is the first country to develop ceramics. From pottery to the creation of porcelain. It is a major symbol of the leap forward of world civilization. The development of celadon in China is divided into southern celadon and northern celadon.

b Jiangnan celadon in the Three Kingdoms, the two Jin Dynasty, the Northern and Southern Dynasties, rapid development and growth. Later it again developed to the north. The ruins in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other vast areas show that celadon was already a self-contained system at that time.

Zhejiang was the most prosperous region during this period. There are mainly Yue kiln (Shangyu, Yuzhao, Shaoxing and other places), Junshan kiln (Yixing, Jiangsu), Ou kiln (Wenzhou area), Wuzhou kiln (Jinhua area), Deqing kiln (the west of the Hangjiahu Plain is rich in black porcelain, celadon) and other famous kilns, rich in celadon.

c, with celadon as the mainstream of the porcelain industry of the Six Dynasties, and constantly innovate and develop and form a variety of unique new styles of the times. The development of Buddhism has also had many influences on this point. In the tomb of the Six Dynasties in Gongjia Lane, Nanjing, a condensed "Buddha country" temple was unearthed”。

In particular, the porcelain of the Southern Dynasties is more common and diverse, and the Buddhist auspicious lotus flower is the mainstay. The technology of celadon in the south has developed greatly. There are mainly engraving, embossing, stacking, molding, carving, plastering, etc.

d The celadon in the north has been stagnant for a long time, and the celadon from the south in the late Northern Wei Dynasty has made great progress. So far, only the northern celadon has been discovered, and the ruins of the kiln in Zibo, Shandong Province, are a famous production area. Northern celadon unearthed more in Hebei, about the beginning of the Northern Qi Dynasty, celadon developed into white porcelain, and later the northern celadon created black porcelain.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty was an important period for the development of the porcelain industry in the south of the Yangtze River, and the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty were an important period for the new development of porcelain in the northern Central Plains.

2) Achievements: The utensils of the Six Dynasties period (flat pots, barns, chicken head pots, cups, frog-shaped water bowls, bird-shaped lamps, candlesticks, smokers, and daily utensils, figurines, animal figurines, chariots and horses, pavilions) really reflect the basic style of social life and agricultural economy at that time. The development of celadon contributed to Buddhist architecture.

b The development of celadon in the north has appeared white porcelain and black porcelain, which is a major milestone in the history of porcelain making in China. White porcelain has led to the development of multi-colored glazed fine porcelain. Black porcelain opened up a new field for the porcelain industry in later generations. It also has the significance of a milestone in the history of porcelain.

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The production of celadon can be traced back to the middle of the Shang Dynasty about 3,500 years ago, matured in the Eastern Han Dynasty, developed in the Three Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, and declined in the Yuan Dynasty. In ancient times, celadon was purely handmade, and the production was scarce, and there were even fewer that survived thousands of years of natural and man-made disasters.

Each stage of development of celadon has distinct characteristics of the times, and the evolution of vessel shapes and ornaments is systematic, which is related to the needs and preferences of people at that time. For example, the celadon of the Shang Dynasty emphasized practicality, and the shape of the vessel imitated bronze, with few and simple patterns, and the "S" shape was the main pattern; Celadon dragons for decoration appeared in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty; The representative work of the Warring States period is the beast's head; In the Tang Dynasty, flower-shaped mouth ...... began to appearCeladon culture in different periods has its own unique charm.

The Shang Dynasty was the initial period of celadon, which was mostly daily necessities and imitated bronze shapes.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the original celadon had a great development, the texture of the porcelain fetus was delicate, the thickness of the wall was thin and uniform, the shape of the vessel was unconventional and neat, and the level was close to that of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

During the Qin and Western Han dynasties, celadon production had distinctive characteristics of the times, with innovations in modeling and ornamentation, and changes in glazing, from dipping glaze to brushing glaze.

The Eastern Han Dynasty celadon developed rapidly, the process technology continued to improve, and the mature celadon was created and fired. The data shows that the porcelain industry of the Eastern Han Dynasty has reached the level of modern porcelain, which is of epoch-making significance.

During the Three Kingdoms period, the texture, shape, and ornamentation of celadon appeared with a new look, in addition to producing exquisite daily necessities, it also fired funeral vessels, and Buddhist themes began to penetrate into the celadon decorative arts.

During the Western Jin Dynasty, celadon began to diversify, and techniques such as stacking, hollowing, and pasting were widely used, and the decoration moved from flat to three-dimensional.

During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the celadon shape and ornamentation tended to be simple and practical, and the lotus pattern appeared in the late period.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the prevalence of Buddhism, lotus petals, flying heaven, Bodhi and Baoxiang flowers became important decorations of celadon.

In the Song Dynasty, the firing of celadon reached its peak, not only the four official kilns of Ru, Jun, Guan and Ge that were specially designed for the court to fire the imperial celadon, but also the plum glaze and carved and printed celadon fired by the Longquan kiln and Yaozhou kiln in the folk kiln, all of which also have a very high artistic level.

The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty loved white porcelain, and the celadon kilns declined one after another, and only the Longquan kiln on the southeast coast was able to develop and achieve new achievements due to its application to overseas demand.

During the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the national porcelain-making center, blue and white porcelain had a great development, and Longquan kiln gradually declined.

The Sui and Tang dynasties developed into a new layout of green in the south and white in the north. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the porcelain industry in the north developed rapidly, especially the production of white porcelain was more prominent, Xingyao and Ding kiln successively fired high-quality white porcelain, and the traditional celadon kiln in the south formed a new layout of porcelain production "green in the south and white in the north". Xingyao white porcelain is also described as "silver-like snow" in Lu Yu's "Thick Chain Tea Sutra", which shows the superb craftsmanship of Xingyao white porcelain.

In addition to the two kilns mentioned above, the Yaozhou kiln in Shaanxi Province in the north was created in the Tang Dynasty, although the Yaozhou kiln production stool craftsmanship at this time was still relatively rough, but it laid the foundation for the later Northern Song Dynasty burning. Henan Gongxian kiln is famous for producing "Tang Sancai". The Changsha kiln in Hunan Province has created a new era in the history of China's porcelain industry because of the production of underglaze colored porcelain.

In the previous development of porcelain, most of the attention paid to the firing of monochrome glazed porcelain, such as celadon, black porcelain, and white porcelain. In other words, the technical source of the development of various painted porcelains such as blue and white banquet sun, five-color, and pastel in the later Ming and Qing dynasties was the underglaze colored porcelain of the Changsha kiln in the Tang Dynasty.

Different from the colorful porcelain technology in the north, in the south, celadon represented by the Yue kiln is still dominant. At this time, the Yue kiln also entered a new stage of development, known as secret color porcelain. Tortoise Meng described this period of Yue kiln porcelain in a poem:

The nine autumn wind and dew are more and more kiln open, and the thousand peaks are green. Such as to the middle of the night to admit the conspiracy, a total of Ji in the middle of the bucket of the cup. Among them, the emerald color of the thousand peaks refers to the beauty of the secret color porcelain.

The advent of the original celadon in the Shang Dynasty is an important milestone in the history of the development of Chinese ceramics and is widely welcomed by people. By the time of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the fetal quality was more delicate, the glaze was more uniform, and the glaze layer was significantly thickened. In addition to the general bowl rotten wax, plate, bowl, bowl, etc., it also imitates the shape and decoration of bronze ritual bells, tripods, etc., which are particularly exquisite.

A representative artifact of this period is the celadon dragon head tripod of the Warring States period (now in the Shanghai Museum). One side of the Dingkou is decorated with a long-necked dragon head, a hungry slippery surface is a beast-shaped tail, there are rectangular vertical ears next to it, the lower is three dwarf animal feet, the Ding body is engraved with string patterns, oblique lines and vortex patterns around the body, and the glaze is blue and yellow.

As early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, primitive celadon appeared, and after the development of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a major breakthrough in the Eastern Han Dynasty. After the Three Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the celadon burned in the south and the north began to have their own characteristics. Southern celadon is generally hard and delicate, light gray, and the glaze is crystal pure, which is often described as ice-like jade.

The carcass of celadon in the north is heavy, the glass texture is strong, the fluidity is large, the glaze has a fine opening piece, and the glaze is yellow in the blue.

Celadon is a treasure of the Chinese ceramic firing process, as a kind of porcelain with a cyan glaze applied to the surface. The formation of celadon hue is mainly caused by the firing of a certain amount of iron oxide in the tire glaze, which is roasted in a reducing flame atmosphere. However, some celadon is not pure due to iron content, and the reducing atmosphere is not sufficient, so the hue is yellow or yellowish-brown.

Celadon is famous for its delicate porcelain, bright and smooth lines, dignified and simple shape, pure and colorful color.

In the middle of the Shang Dynasty, primitive celadon began to appear. In Zhengzhou, Hubei, Hebei, Jiangxi and other places, there are original celadon production areas, among which the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are prosperous. Primitive celadon has the basic characteristics of porcelain, but does not have the thin translucent nature of real porcelain, and is often called primitive porcelain.

It has a low water absorption rate and has begun to take on the characteristics of porcelain. Since the appearance of primitive celadon in the middle of the Shang Dynasty, its output has been on the rise, and its raw materials are basically taken locally, only in the selection and processing of more particular. Because many places in southern China are rich in porcelain and stone mines, the original celadon was first developed in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Among the many technological factors that affect the quality of the original celadon products, the most important are two: first, the selection and processing of raw materials; The second is the construction of pottery kilns. Control of the atmosphere and temperature in the kiln.

The invention and development of primitive porcelain shows that at that time, the selection and processing of ceramic raw materials, the construction of kilns and firing technology, have reached a high level. Although there is a considerable distance between the original celadon and the real porcelain, the primitive porcelain is the predecessor of the real porcelain after all, and its appearance is a great starting point, indicating the production of real porcelain in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Celadon refers to porcelain with high temperature glaze of cyan, and it is also one of the earliest varieties in China's porcelain industry. Celadon appeared in the Xia Shang, because of the rough art of making ICBC, so it is called the original celadon.

During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, the celadon was fired in Yue kiln, Ou kiln, Wuzhou kiln, Yixing kiln, etc., and the celadon production entered a prosperous period, and the firing process also became mature. It is mainly manifested in the following four aspects: the types of utensils have increased greatly; The decoration of porcelain is richer; The molding process of porcelain has been significantly improved; The firing technology has been significantly improved.

The glaze color of celadon in this period was relatively stable, mainly blue-green, and there were few other glaze colors, which indicates that it was able to imitate the kiln temperature of collapse and firing at that time. Celadon is widely loved by people at home and abroad for its elegant, clear and clear glaze color, colorful decorative patterns and vivid utensils.