The reason why the Westernization Movement created modern industry is different from that of the Wes

1. Reasons. In the early stage of China's modernization, the protagonist was the enlightened faction of the landlord class, that is, the Westernists, with the aim of consolidating the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In Western countries, the task of realizing modernization has always been undertaken by the bourgeoisie, but the situation in China is different; until the 60s of the 19th century, there was no bourgeoisie in Chinese society, and the modern Chinese machinery industry could not be founded by private capital, nor could it develop capitalism through free competition.

2. Different from the sequence of industrial development in Western capitalist countries, the Westernists founded modern industry, starting with the military industry, then expanding to civilian enterprises, first to heavy industry, and then to light industry.

1) After the defeat of the Opium War, the rulers realized that it was necessary to build a strong military force, so China's modern industrialization began with the modernization of the country.

2) Subsequently, the Westernists used the power of the state to establish a number of heavy industries in which the national capitalists could not or dared not invest.

3) Later, he put forward the slogan of "seeking wealth" and set up a number of modern civilian industries.

3. Different from the Western capitalist countries that developed industry through the "private" method, the Westernists established modern industry through the methods of "government-run" and "official-supervised business-run".

1) The modern military industry established in the early days of the Westernization Movement inherited the industrial tradition of the feudal bureaucracy, and most of them took the form of manual workshops, which were mainly sponsored by local governors.

2) Due to the financial difficulties of the Qing Dynasty, the inability to operate, coupled with the serious corruption of officialdom, the "official" industry is in difficulty, therefore, the civilian industries founded in the later period of the Westernization Movement, except for a few "official-run" investments, most of them take the approach of "official-supervised business-run" Throughout the path of China's economic modernization, it is under the influence of the world market, the internal changes caused by the pressure and inducement of external forces, and have taken a unique path of development. Due to its special historical background, China's trajectory of economic modernization bears the obvious imprint of a semi-colonial economy.

The "modern industry" founded by the Westernization Movement is similar to the current India spending money to buy the armies of various countries to arm themselves.

Li Hongzhang in the Westernization Movement founded three modern enterprises: Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Kaiping Mining Bureau, and Shanghai Machine Weaving Layout.

In the later period of the Westernization Movement, in order to solve the difficulties in the military industry's funds, fuel, transportation, etc., the Westernists set up a number of civilian industries under the banner of "seeking wealth." In 1872, Li Hongzhang established the China Merchants Steamship Bureau in Shanghai.

The first civilian enterprise founded by the Westernists. In just three years since its establishment, China Merchants has cleared more than 13 million taels of silver, and has also developed its business to foreign countries, breaking the monopoly of foreign shipping companies.

In modern China, mining, telegraph, postal, railway and other industries have emerged one after another. Light industry was also vigorously developed during the Westernization Movement. In 1880, Zuo Zongtang founded Lanzhou Weaving Bureau, which became the originator of China's modern textile industry.

China's modern textile industry, waterworks, power plants, machine silk reeling, ginning, papermaking, printing, pharmaceuticals, glass manufacturing, etc., were all in the nineteenth century.

It was established in the seventies and eighties. Under the impetus of the Westernization Movement, China's civilian industry has developed rapidly, laying the foundation of China's modern chemical industry.

Although there were many "foreign slaves" and typical bureaucratic warlords, there were also a number of China's earliest scientific and technological talents. For example, Zhan Huailing, a famous railway engineering expert, was the first batch of students sent by the Westernists to study in the United States; Yan Fu, a famous thinker and translator, was a student of the school attached to the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau, and was sent by the bureau to study in Yingpei Mingchu China; The Affiliated School of the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau and the Tianjin Naval Academy set up by the Beiyang Navy have cultivated a group of talents who are proficient in shipbuilding, machine building and navigation. In the modern industrial and mining enterprises run by the Westernists, a number of engineers who are proficient in modern science and technology have also been trained, and some of them have even become the first outstanding scholars to comprehensively introduce the knowledge of Western natural sciences to China.

For example, Hua Yufang, who was proficient in mathematics, Xu Shou, who was proficient in chemistry and physics, Xu Jianyin, father and son, and others initially became involved in the production and technical activities of the military industry in the Westernization Movement. In the military and civilian industrial and mining enterprises run by the Westernists, a large number of skilled workers who have mastered the production of modern machines have also been trained and trained. In other words, the Westernization Movement has prepared certain conditions for the national capital to be produced later in terms of training and cultivating modern production technology personnel and disseminating modern production technology knowledge.

1) The Taiping Rebellion and foreign invasion impacted the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

2) The Westernists advocated "learning from the West" and maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

3) The diehards stick to the old ways and blindly reject all foreign things.

4) After the establishment of the Prime Minister Yamen, the Manchu Qing rulers led by Cixi temporarily supported the Westernists who had gained strength and were appreciated by the foreign invaders.

5) The expansion of the industrial revolution and the formation of a situation of "reconciliation between China and foreign countries" provided the possibility for the development of the Westernization movement.

1. China Merchants Steamship Bureau: It was established in Shanghai on January 14, 1873 by Li Hongzhang and others. Engaged in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Cao grain transportation and various passenger and cargo transportation business.

2. Kaiping Coal Mine: It was established by Li Hongzhang in Kaiping in 1878. It is mainly to solve the problem of coal shortage caused by the rapid development of industrialization in southern China.

3. Shanghai machine weaving layout: In 1878, Li Hongzhang presided over the construction of Shanghai machine weaving layout, which was the first machine cotton textile factory in China, after experiencing losses and fires, Shanghai machine weaving layout was rebuilt in 1893, and expanded its scale, renamed "Huasheng". The layout of Shanghai machine weaving is of epoch-making significance in the history of cotton textile in China.

4. Lanzhou Weaving Bureau: In 1878, Zuo Zongtang asked for the approval of the Qing Dynasty to establish a weaving bureau in Lanzhou, and the site was set at the former site of the front road and the camp outside Tongyuanmen, which is now the south side of Changjia Lane, which was completed and put into operation in 1880. This is the first modern woolen weaving factory in modern China.

5. Hubei weaving layout: In 1888 in Guangzhou, it was set up by Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Guangzhou, and can weave primary color cloth, twill, flower cloth, etc., which sells well in Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and other provinces, and is also exported to overseas.

6. Hanyang Iron Works: In 1890, Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang, presided over the construction of Guishan Mountain in Hubei, and was completed and put into operation in September 1893. The whole factory includes 6 large factories such as pig iron factory, Bese hemp steel factory, Simmons steel factory, rail factory, iron goods factory, wrought iron factory and 4 small factories such as machine factory, iron casting factory, iron making factory, fish fillet hook and nail factory.

(2) China Merchants Steamship Bureau, Hanyang Iron Works, Hubei Weaving (Official) Bureau, Kaiping Mining Bureau, Shanghai Machine Weaving Layout, Hubei Daye Iron Mine, Jiangxi Pingxiang Coal Mine, Tianjin Telegraph (General) Bureau, etc.

The subjective purpose of the Westernization Movement was to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, but objectively it promoted the development of capitalism in China.