The basic concepts of Rawls s theory of justice

1. The principle of freedom first.

1) Everyone has equal rights and rights, and enjoys all equal freedoms under a complete system.

2) The freedoms enjoyed by each individual are compatible with the freedoms enjoyed by others under the same system, i.e., the right to equal political freedom in this system, provided that the fair value of this right is ensured.

2. The principle of equality: including two sub-principles.

Principle of Equal Opportunity: All positions and positions must be open to all under fair and equal opportunity.

The principle of difference: to maximize the benefits of the most disadvantaged members of society.

According to Rawls, justice is the primary value of a social system.

Rawls argues that the phenomenon is that the whole social structure is designed in such a way that some people share in the greater good and deprive others of the basic good, and he does not recognize that the greater good enjoyed by many is more than enough to compensate for the sacrifice of the few, which he considers unjust. What is the basic good? The basic good, in the book, refers to those things that are assumed to be a rational person who needs whatever he wants, and in a broad sense, rights, freedoms, opportunities and powers, income and wealth, and a sense of self-worth.

They are linked to the basic structure of society and are the good of society. Among them, freedom and power are determined by the main institutional norms. Rawls's discourse on injustice and goodness is related to the basic institutions or structures of society, and in abstract discourse, the design of social institutions becomes the framework within which the principles of justice come into play.

Under a certain socio-political and economic situation, the improper distribution of social benefits and burdens determined by it is considered to be the essential characteristic of injustice, and the emergence of these injustices is the indulgence and connivance of natural, social and historical contingent factors. John Rawls, an American political philosopher, ethicist, Ph.D. from Princeton University, and professor at Harvard University, was born on February 21, 1921 and graduated from Princeton University. He is the author of The Theory of Justice, Political Liberalism, Justice as Fairness

He is one of the most famous political philosophers in the English-speaking world in the 20th century. John Bordley (February 21, 2002 November 24) was an American political philosopher and ethicist. Ph.D. from Princeton University and professor at Harvard University, author of A Theory of Justice (1971), Political Liberalism, Justice as Equity:

He is one of the most famous political philosophers in the English-speaking world in the 20th century.

One of the main representatives of the Western New Natural Law School in the 70s of the 20th century, and one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century. Many of his students now go on to become important figures in moral and political philosophy, such as Thomas Nagel and Joshua Cohen.

The core of Rohr's concept of justice is that "freedom takes precedence over equality, and justice takes precedence over efficiency."

John Bordley Rawls regards justice as the fundamental criterion for measuring social systems, and the theoretical basis of his theory of justice is the new contract theory. On the basis of resolutely upholding the right to individual liberty and equality of opportunity, Rawls adopted the "principle of difference" to limit social inequality as much as possible and improve the situation of the most disadvantaged in society. At the heart of Rawls's view of justice is that "freedom takes precedence over equality, and justice takes precedence over efficiency."

Rawls, however, does not advocate equality for all, but for the limits of inequality, which must be applied under two conditions, one is fair equality of opportunity, and the other is in the best interests of the fewest beneficiaries.

Rawls's conception of justice: By summarizing the traditional social contract theory represented by Locke, Rousseau, and Kant, it attempts to raise the theory of justice based on contract theory to a more accessible and abstract level, and to develop it to withstand "the obvious attack on it that the good ones are often considered fatal to it", and that this contract-based view is closest to the judgment of justice that people consider, and "constitutes the most appropriate moral foundation of a democratic society".

The object of justice is the basic structure of society, that is, the main system used to distribute the basic rights and duties of citizens and to divide the benefits and burdens arising from social cooperation.

Due to the influence of the external conditions and internal endowments of life, people are unequal in their starting point, so it is necessary to eliminate this inequality as much as possible by withering the main social institutions through the principle of justice.

The theory of justice is the theory of ethics and political philosophy of the modern American ethicist and philosopher Rawls.

The two principles of Rawls's theory of justice are as follows: pure difference

John Bordley Rawls (February 21, 1921, November 24, 2002), an American political philosopher, ethicist, Doctor of Philosophy from Princeton University, and professor at Harvard University, is one of the most famous political philosophers in the English-speaking world in the 20th century.

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, he is the second of five children. He enlisted in the army during World War II, and later refused the opportunity to be promoted to an officer, and returned to university to study. He graduated from Princeton University in 1943 and received his Ph.D. in 1950.

He has taught at Princeton University, Cornell University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University. Although he has not published much, he has had a great influence on Western academic circles. In 1951, he published "Compendium of a Decision Process for Ethics".

Since then, he has focused on social justice issues and has devoted himself to constructing a rational theory of justice, <>

He published "Justice as Justice" (1958), "The Constitutional Concept of Liberty and Justice" (1963), "A Sense of Justice" (1963), "A Defense of Civilian Disobedience" (1966), "Distributive Justice" (1967), and "Distributive Justice: Some Supplements" (1968).

During this period, Rawls began to write a book entitled A Theory of Justice, which became the most important theoretical work in the field of ethics and political philosophy in the second half of the 20th century, which was officially published in 1971 and immediately had a huge impact in the academic community.

Because the cover of the first edition of "A Theory of Justice" was green, some Harvard students at the time used the term "Green Goblin" to describe the book's influence. According to later statistics, since 1971, there have been more than 5,000 treatises devoted to the study and discussion of the world.

In addition, Rawls's books include Political Liberalism (1993), The Law of All Nationalities (1998), Lectures on Moral Philosophy (2000), and Justice as Fairness: A New Theory of Justice (2001).