Comment on the value of Russell s philosophical article

The mission of philosophy is to distinguish levels of instinctive beliefs. All knowledge is built on the basis of instinctive beliefs, and can be considered acceptable as long as the form it finally takes is harmonious. Although all truths have the potential to be false, we cannot start from this and doubt for the sake of doubting.

Because suspicion of one belief must be based on another, otherwise it becomes a suspicion without content. The likelihood of the established system can be reduced by checking before defaulting.

However, knowledge of the totality of the universe is still unattainable.

Although we doubt the physical existence of the table, we do not doubt the existence of the sensory material, which allows us to guess that there is a physical object. --We don't doubt this psychological thing, as Descartes said: cogito, ergo sum

He intends to systematically doubt until there is no doubt about it!

Descartes discovered that what he was fully certain of was his own. Even if the devil is lying to him, he exists, and Russell also said: If you want to be a philosopher, you must train not to be afraid of absurdity.

let us continue:

One of the biggest reasons why there should be a physical object outside of the sensory material is that we require different people to face the same object: for example, the table.

The problem is that these other people are also some "feeling materials" and cannot be used as evidence. We have to look for evidence purely in personal experience.

In a sense, as Hume makes clear, it must be admitted that we can never prove the existence of things outside of ourselves. The world is made up of myself, my thoughts, feelings, and feelings. There is no logical error in such an assumption.

The sensory materials in dreams also have "physical objects". For example, you are looking for a toilet in a dream because you have an urgent need to urinate. The sound of the door caused a battle at sea in the dream. Assuming that life is a dream is logically not impossible, but there is also no logical reason to believe that it is true.

- The point is, inconvenient. It's the same as geocentrism. Even in dreams, we should seriously explore in the dreams what is the cause of the naval battle, such as the sound of the door, as a material object, is the reason for the sensory material of the naval battle in the dream.

Relying on common sense, it's much simpler. For example, in the case of the cat, in the room, it appears randomly, and it does not know that it is hungry - since the cat is just a sensory material.

Out of common sense, we instinctively believe in the existence of "material objects".

- However, we deduce that material objects are not the same thing as sensory materials. The difference between them is similar to the difference between the description of a blind object and the elephant itself. -- However, the description of a blind subject is indeed about something with an elephant.

more ever

All knowledge is built on the basis of instinctive beliefs, and can be considered acceptable as long as the form it finally takes is harmonious.

Faith can be wrong. should be suspected. But we must choose the best faith, and the reason for rejecting one must be another existence and better.

There must be knowledge of the universe as a whole, knowledge of the nature of objects.

Otherwise, there is nothing to cheat.

1. Love and knowledge are necessary for a good life, and to some extent love is more important, love will motivate us to seek knowledge, so that we can know more clearly how to benefit our loved ones. Without knowledge, we may believe hearsay.

2. Worship money, worship refers to a belief, that is, all value must be measured by money, money is the only measure of people's success, this wrong success theory leads people to harm their own nature, reduce the happiness of life.

3. The python will start to sleep after it is full, and will never wake up after needing another meal, but Lord He is different, after people are full, they will never be satisfied, but more desired, vibrant, and there are four kinds of desires: greed, competition, vanity, and power.

4. There are two major obstacles on the road to freedom: material and social, such as: food, drink, clothing, health, sex, care, etc., if one of these basic needs is not satisfied, freedom cannot be truly realized.

Absolute idealism, logical atomism, new realism, neutral monism and other stages, mainly contributed to mathematical logic, from which he established logical atomism and new realism, making him one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy.

Russell's main philosophical and logical works: "On the Foundations of Geometry", "Leibniz's Philosophy of Banquet", "Principles of Mathematics", "Mathematical Principles", "Philosophical Problems", "Our Knowledge of the External World", "Philosophy of Logical Atomism", "Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy", "Analysis of the Mind", "Analysis of Matter", "The Quarrel of Meaning and Truth", "History of Western Philosophy", "Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits", "My Philosophical Development".