What are the main features of the observation method and what are the types of observation methods?

1. The observation method is objective. The observation method requires that it be carried out in a natural environment and should not be mixed with personal bias. 2. The observation method is selective, and the observation method obtains the phenomena and processes of typical things by selecting typical objects and typical conditions.

3. The observation method is active, and the observation method is purposeful and planned observation.

Definition of observational method

Definition 1: It is the process of collecting various data on people's behavior in social life under natural conditions in a purposeful and planned manner through the senses or with the help of certain scientific instruments.

Definition 2: A method of purposeful and planned systematic observation and recording of human behavior in a natural situation, and then analyzing the records made to discover the laws of mental activity and development.

Definition 3: This is a method in which the experimenter observes the subject's expression, movement, language, behavior, etc., in a purposeful and planned manner under natural conditions, through his own senses or audio and video recordings and other auxiliary means, to study the laws of human mental activity.

Definition 4: A method of directly observing, recording, and then analyzing the behavior of a person or animal in a natural or pre-set situation with a view to obtaining the regularity of the change and development of its mental activity.

The main advantages of the observation method are: 1. It can directly obtain data through observation without other intermediate links. Therefore, the observed data is more realistic.

2. Observation in the natural state can obtain vivid information. 3. Observation has the advantage of timeliness, it can capture the phenomenon that is happening. 4. Observation can collect some indescribable materials.

Observational method. It is possible to repeatedly observe and follow up the observed object for a long time, and to analyze the evolution of the observed object. For example, you can observe the traffic problems at different times in the community, and observe the changes in the customer flow of a convenience supermarket in the community at different times of the day.

2 types. As follows:

1. Fixed-point observation method.

The fixed-point observation method is based on a certain point and makes a comprehensive and detailed observation of people or things in a relatively static state. For example, if you want to know the growth of a cockscomb flower in a certain period of time, you need to stand next to the cockscomb flower, carefully study the stem, leaves, shape, size, thickness, thickness, color, prosperity and withering of the flower.

2. Mobile observation method.

The mobile observation method is to constantly change the foothold and angle of observation to observe things. For example, when observing an ant on a cockscomb, the ant's foraging is carried out in a non-stop activity, climbing to the front of the leaf for a while, climbing to the reverse side for a while, climbing to the root of the flower stem for a while, and climbing to the root of the flower stem for a while.

Introduce. Observation method refers to a method in which the researcher uses his or her own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the object of study according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, so as to obtain information.

Scientific observations are purposeful and planned, systematic and reproducible. Common observation methods are: checklist method; Grading scale method; Narrative description. Observation generally uses sensory organs such as eyes and ears to perceive the object of observation.

1. Advantages of the observation method:

1) It can obtain data directly through observation, without other intermediate links. Therefore, the observed data is more realistic.

2. Observation in the natural state can obtain vivid information.

3. Observation has the advantage of timeliness, it can capture the phenomenon that is happening.

4. Observation can collect some indescribable materials.

2. Observation, like other scientific research methods, has its own limitations.

1) Due to time constraints, the occurrence of certain events has a certain time limit, and it will not happen again after this period of time.

2) Subject to observation. For example, when studying juvenile delinquency, some clandestine gangs are generally not allowed to be observed.

3) Limited by the observer itself. On the one hand, human senses have physiological limitations, beyond which it is difficult to observe directly. On the other hand, observations can also be influenced by subjective consciousness.

4) The observer can only observe the external phenomena and certain material structures, and cannot directly observe the essence of things and people's ideology.

5) The observation method is not suitable for large-scale investigations.

Observational method. It is a social investigation method in which the observer observes social phenomena with an objective eye, and faithfully records and analyzes them.

The observation method is simple and easy, the adaptability and flexibility are relatively strong, the observation task can be large or small, the observer can be more or less, the observation time can be long or short, as long as the investigator arrives at the scene, a certain perceptual knowledge can be obtained. As such, it is one of the most widely used survey methods.

There are some types of data that can only be collected by observation. Observational patterns of behavior that the investigator does not know or cannot communicate can be used, for example, information about children's preferences for toys is best obtained through the behavior of children who are playing with toys, because young children cannot properly express their preferences. Observation can also be taken for some content that should not be asked, such as the flow of customers, traffic, and the number of diners in front of the restaurant.

If the observed phenomena occur very frequently or for a short period of time, observational methods may be used to obtain information more quickly and at a lower cost than other investigative methods.

Observations can be classified into different types according to different classification criteria. Generally, a dichotomous approach is used for classification.

1.According to the situational conditions of observation, it can be divided into natural observation and controlled observation.

Nature observation, also known as on-site observation, is usually a descriptive recording and analysis of accidental or systematic phenomena using pen and paper.

Controlled observation is also known as laboratory observation or conditional observation. Observation procedures are often required to be standardized and observation questions structured.

2.According to whether or not with the help of instruments and technical means, it can be divided into direct observation and indirect observation.

Direct observation is an observation method in which the observer directly uses his or her senses to perceive the behavior of the subject of the study.

Indirect observation is the observation of phenomena and behaviors indirectly by means of instruments or techniques to obtain data.

3.According to whether the observer is directly involved in the activities of the observed, it can be divided into participatory observation and non-participatory observation.

Participation in observation requires the observer not to reveal his or her true identity, to join the group or organization of the observed, and to conduct covert observation.

The law of non-participatory observation is that the observer does not participate in any of the activities of the observed person and makes observations entirely as an outsider.

4.According to whether the specific observation items and the rigor of the observation procedure are determined in advance, they can be divided into structural observation and non-structural observation.

Structural observation, also known as formal observation, refers to an observation that has a clear observation objective, detailed observation content and index system before observation, can systematically and effectively control the entire observation process, and requires a complete observation record. It is a kind of observation that is rigorously planned, well-thought, and standardized in operation, and unstructured observation, also known as informal, is a kind of non-careful observation.

5.According to whether the content of observation is based on one's own psychological behavior, it can be divided into self-observation and objective object observation.

Self-observation, also known as introspective observation, unites the observer with the observed. Objective object observation is only the observation of people or things other than the subject.

The main advantages of the observation method are as follows:

1) It is intuitive and reliable, because the observation method is based on observing what people are actually doing rather than relying on what they say, and can objectively collect the first and hand data, especially the data of non-verbal behavior, and directly record the facts of the investigation and the behavior of the respondent on the spot, so the survey results are closer to reality in a sense.

2) The observation method is basically a unilateral activity of the investigator, especially the concealment of observation, which generally does not rely on verbal communication, so it can avoid many error factors caused by the interviewer and the method of questioning, and the interviewer will not be troubled by problems related to the willingness and ability of the observer.

3) The observation method is simple, easy to implement, and flexible, and can be carried out anytime and anywhere.

Observation refers to the method of purposeful and planned systematic observation and recording of human behavior in natural situations, and then analyzing the records in order to discover the laws of changes and development of mental activities.

Advantages: The observation method provides a direct understanding of the behavior of the person being observed, so that first-hand information can be gathered. Because the observed person does not know that he is being observed, his behavior and mental activities are rarely disturbed, and the objectivity and authenticity of the data are maintained, which is the advantage of the observation method.

Disadvantages: The observer is in a passive position, the experimenter can only passively wait for the expected behavior to appear, and it is difficult for the behavior under natural conditions to develop according to the subjective will of the person, so the results of the observation are difficult to repeat. In addition, the recording and analysis of observations are susceptible to the pre-orange period and bias of observers.

Answer: The observation and analysis method, also known as the on-site observation method, is a kind of.

A method recorded by an experienced person through on-site observation. Specifically, it refers to the sense that the job analyst uses on the job site.

Sensory organs or other tools that observe the actual work actions and working methods of specific objects, and record them in the form of words, charts, images, etc., so as to collect work information.

In general, the following are the following principles to be followed when using the observation method.

principles: 1) The principle of stability. The work of the observed person should be relative.

Stability, that is, in a certain period, there will be no significant changes in the content of work, procedures, and requirements for staff.

2) The principle of trust. Try to get the observed.

3) The principle of concealment. In general, the observer should try not to attract the attention of the observed, and there is a specific purpose.

Exceptions are made. 4) The principle of exhaustiveness. According to predetermined purposes and desires.

The content of the observations, with a detailed record of all the observed porcelain. (5) The principle of representativeness. Pay attention to the sample when selecting it.

General principle. After the on-site observation is completed, they will be viewed together.