What is the difference between the historical and geographical background of the Jin and Hui merchan

1. The time is different

The Kaizhong Salt Law gave the Jin merchants the opportunity to get their first pot of gold. The biggest security problem at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty was military pressure from Mongolia. This means that there is a lot of financial pressure on the logistical supply of the army.

A political officer in Shanxi Province suggested to Zhu Yuanzhang that merchants could be encouraged to organize the transportation of military grain and grass to the border towns, and exchange it for "salt introduction", that is, the monopoly right to sell salt, according to the amount of grain and grass provided.

The rise of the Hui merchants was about 50 years later than that of the Jin merchants. Hui merchants attached great importance to fame and Confucianism, and there were many Anhui people in the officialdom. Therefore, after the implementation of the general business system and the folding color system, Hui merchants began to take the lead.

2. Reverence for differences:

Jin merchants worship Guan Yu, and Hui merchants worship Zhu Xi. Zhu Xi was a representative figure of Confucianism, attaching great importance to the imperial examination and fame, emphasizing that if conditions permitted, the children of the family must take the imperial examination. Hui merchants are also Confucian and businessmen; The Jin merchants did not attach importance to the imperial examination, and learned and excelled in business.

3. Different management modes:

Jinshang, with the help of geography, is built on an impersonal management model, relying on equity incentives and strict rules and regulations. The Hui merchants, on the other hand, were a group of merchants based on blood networks, mainly relying on patriarchal relations. The organizational structure of Jin merchants usually includes merchants, ** people, deputies, managers, hired workers, apprentices and other levels.

Early development

Shanxi's commercial capital has a long history. As early as the pre-Qin era, it began to happen in southern Jin"The day is the market, to the people of the world, praise the goods of the world, trade and retreat, each has its place"business trading activities.

From the Zhou and Qin dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties, although some big merchants had appeared in Shanxi, compared with merchants in other places, they did not have a prominent position, and there was no certain organization, and a kind of merchant force had not yet been formed.

In the Sui and Tang dynasties, Jinzhou, Luzhou, Zezhou, Taigu, Pingding, and Datong emerging commercial towns appeared. "Li Tang raised troops in Taiyuan, set Taiyuan as the northern capital, crossed the banks of the Fen River, and commerce prospered Tang poet Han Yu has a poem depicted:"Lang Lang hears the street drums, and the morning seems to be the morning hour"。

Hui merchants rose in the Song Dynasty, Jin merchants were in the Qing Dynasty, Anhui was in the south, Shanxi was considered the north, and the commercial content was different, and the Hui merchants were engaged in stationery and textiles. Jin Shang is a department store, ticket number, money bank.

Hui merchants: in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the grain was changed to silver, and the Hui merchants invested in the salt industry and the burden, in addition to selling salt, they also operated tea, timber, grain, etc., and the scope of activities spread throughout the country, leaving their footprints in overseas countries. Hui negotiated a strong commercial capital, engaged in commodity trading and long-distance trafficking, meddled in the field of production, controlled the production activities of certain handicraftsmen, and operated financial activities such as pawns, so as to obtain high profits.

From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, it flourished for hundreds of years.

Jin merchants: In the early Ming Dynasty, they took advantage of the convenience of connecting the northern frontier to transport military rations for the government, transported the grain to the border areas to pay, and obtained the right to sell salt. Later, the scope of business was expanded, such as selling silk, ironware, tea, cotton, timber, etc.

During the Qianlong period, the ticket number began to be established. The ticket number operates deposits, loans, and exchanges, and can also provide money and grain for the government. China's largest ticket number, the Rishengchang ticket number, is the ticket number opened by Shanxi Pingyao businessmen throughout the country.

1. The people referred to are different: Jin merchants, usually in the sense of Jin merchants, refer to Shanxi merchants in the Qing Dynasty for 500 years. Hui merchants, that is, Huizhou merchants and Xin'an merchants, commonly known as "Hui Gang", refers to the general name of Huizhou (government) merchants, and is one of the three major business schools.

2. Different business methods: Jin merchants operate salt industry, ticket number and other businesses, especially the ticket number is the most famous. The Jin merchants also left a rich architectural heritage for China, such as the famous Qiaojia Courtyard, Changjia Manor, Caojia Sanduotang, Wangjia Courtyard and so on.

The feudalization of the profits of merchants in the Ming and Qing dynasties was mainly manifested in the donation of salaries, the purchase of land, and the loan of capital by Gao Chunqing. The most famous industries of Huizhou merchants are salt, pawn, tea and wood, followed by rice, grain, cotton, silk, paper, ink, porcelain tape and so on. Among them, there are many tea and wood merchants in Wuyuan, salt merchants in She County, many vegetable restaurants in Jixi, pawn merchants in Xiuning, and cloth and groceries in Qimen and Yixian.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the rise of the Hui and Jin merchants was closely related to the following policies:

1.Imperial examination system: The imperial examination system was the main way of selection in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The Hui Shang and Jin Shang families paid attention to family inheritance and family honor, so they often paid attention to the education and selection of their children, and strived to make their children and grandchildren become the best, so as to improve their local status.

2.Market economy: During the Ming and Qing dynasties, a market economy began to gradually take shape, and various commercial activities and market transactions appeared. Because of their geographical location and keen business acumen, Hui merchants and Jin merchants actively participated in market economic activities and obtained greater commercial benefits.

3.Franchising and tax-free policy: During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the rule was relatively relaxed, and the franchise and tax-free policies were adopted for merchants, and merchants were encouraged to engage in commercial activities to make a disturbance, which provided a good policy environment for the development of Hui merchants and Jin merchants.

The above policies played an important role in the rise of the Hui and Jin merchants, especially the gradual rise of the market economy and the tax exemption policy, which became the key factors for the rapid expansion of the Hui and Jin merchant families.

The Jin Shang and Hui Shang were slightly different in their causes and the time of their rise and fall. The Jin Shang Dynasty arose in the early Ming Dynasty, that is, in the middle of the 14th century, due to the large number of garrisons in the northern border fortress, and the Ming Dynasty implemented the "Open China Law". The so-called Kaizhong method, that is, the merchant transported grain for the soldiers of the border to eat, and the dynasty paid the merchant salt, and the merchant led the salt to the designated salt field and the designated area to sell salt, because the salt is a monopoly product, the profit is quite rich.

Jin merchants seized the opportunity to take advantage of the geographical advantage to take advantage of the "opening of the Chinese law" to take the lead. Hui merchants are the 5th year of Ming Hongzhi (1492), the Ming Dynasty because of the "open law" law cheating, changed "open in the middle" to "fold color", merchants in exchange for silver in exchange for salt to sell salt, Hui merchants to the geographical proximity of the two Huai salt field distribution center - Yangzhou, in the two Huai show their skills, and rise in the business world. The Jin merchants declined at the end of the Qing Dynasty and declined with the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

The decline of the Hui merchants was from the 12th year of Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty (1832) to implement the salt law reform, the "gang salt system" was changed to the "ticket salt system", and the monopoly of salt introduction and merchants on the salt industry was abolished, and they embarked on the road of decline since then. Of course, there were other factors in the decline of the Jin merchants and the Hui merchants, but the above reasons were the reasons for the beginning, and they collapsed from this. In this way, the Jin merchants were active in the business community for more than 500 years from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, and the Hui merchants were active in the business community for nearly 300 years from the middle of the Ming Dynasty to the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty.

Huizhou merchants, born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, grew up in the Tang and Song dynasties, flourished in the Ming Dynasty, Huizhou, now Huangshan City, Jixi County and Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province.

Jin merchants, usually refer to the 500 years of the Qing Dynasty Shanxi merchants, Jin merchants engaged in the salt industry, ticket numbers and other businesses, especially the ticket number is the most famous. It can also be traced back to: the samurai between the Sui and Tang dynasties.

When Wu Zetian's father, Li Yuan and his son raised troops from Taiyuan, the timber merchant Wu vigorously funded it from financial resources, and Li Yuan and his son began to seize national power with the most elite Taiyuan army and Wu family's financial resources at that time.

The usual meaning of the Jin merchants refers to the Shanxi merchants in the 500 years of the Qing Dynasty, and the Jin merchants engaged in salt industry, ticket numbers and other businesses, especially the ticket number is the most famous. The Jin merchants also left a rich architectural heritage for China, such as the famous Qiaojia Courtyard, Changjia Manor, Li Family Compound, Wang Family Compound, Qujia Courtyard, Cao Family Sanduotang and so on.

Hui merchants were born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, grew up in the Tang and Song dynasties, and flourished in the Ming Dynasty. Hui merchants are also known as "Xin'an merchants", commonly known as "Hui Gang". Huizhou, present-day Huangshan City, Jixi County, Anhui Province and Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province.

Hui merchants are one of the top ten business gangs in China, in the heyday of Hui merchants once occupied 4 7 of the country's total assets, also Confucianism and businessmen, hard work, won the reputation of "Hui camel". The scope of activities of the Hui merchants spread throughout the urban and rural areas, reaching Huainan in the east, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guan, and Long in the west, Youyan, Liaodong in the north, and Fujian and Guangdong in the south. The footprints of Huizhou merchants also reached as far as Japan, Siam, Southeast Asian countries and Portugal.

In the late Qing Dynasty, with the collapse of the feudal economy, the Hui merchants gradually declined.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, regional merchant groups appeared, with the Jin merchants and Hui merchants being the most famous.

Mainly the Ming Dynasty.

Relying on feudal power, large merchant gangs gradually grew and rose in an all-round way in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

1. Jinshang's assessment of managers is mainly aimed at their ability to grasp the situation at a macro level. "Before the manager is hired, the Caidong will conduct a strict inspection of this person to confirm that he has made a difference, can attack and defend, and is resourceful and fickle. (Li Hongling:.)

Tongzhou advice") and Huishang put more emphasis on the manager's financial management ability, and the financial management ability of the candidate is very high, that is, the so-called "the person who is responsible for raising capital and giving it to the planner, sitting and receiving it". In addition, scheming and thrifty self-discipline are also one of the criteria for Huizhou businessmen to select managers.

2. Jin Merchants and Hui Merchants both improve the quality of practitioners through practical exercises, and select talents through training and assessment in the process of use, but there are differences in the scope of talent selection. The selection of Jin merchants is mainly based on fellow villagers, and the conditions are almost harsh, and there is no possibility of accommodation. Li Weiqing's "Shanxi Taigu Silver and Money Industry: The Past and Present" contains:

Jin merchants select talents, "the age must be more than fifteen, less than twenty, the height must be five feet, the family background is innocent, the facial features are correct, there is no defect, the language is justified, and the action is sensitive." Those who must be generous, accustomed to politeness, and not afraid to travel far are qualified. "Most of the people selected by Huizhou merchants are the same family.

On the one hand, we should pay attention to the assessment of personal diligence, modesty, patience, flexibility, frugality, and the quality of knowledge, righteousness, and reason, and on the other hand, we should also take into account the interests of the family. ”

3. Hui merchants flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and Jin merchants flourished in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

4. In terms of business philosophy: Jin businessmen value money rather than officials, "learn and excel in business", and teach children how to make money from an early age; Hui businessmen value officials rather than money, make money to be officials, teach their children to be officials since they were young, and pin their hopes for success on officialdom.

5. In terms of business content: Jin merchants mainly focus on ticket numbers, and concurrently operate grain, cotton, salt, tea, etc. required in the north. Hui merchants advocate culture, Confucianism and business, cultivate the character of "Jia and good Confucianism", mainly in the money village, dealing in salt, tea, wood, or silk, grain for great profits.

6. Geographically: The main business scope of Jin merchants is to develop to the north of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and the north by going to the west exit; Hui merchants were mainly in the Lianghuai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and sometimes went north along the canal or sea route to the Beijing-Tianjin area.

7. In terms of business methods: Jin merchants win big with small businesses, often starting from small merchants and hawkers, making careful calculations, gradually accumulating capital, developing steadily, and forming a system; The Hui merchants started with observation, opportunistically, and united with each other to form a business gang.