The phenomenon of redundant officials in the Song Dynasty was serious, why did the imperial court sp

In fact, there is no way to do it, no dynasty is willing to raise so many idlers, the reason why the Song Dynasty became like this, or to blame the Song Dynasty system, because the Song Dynasty in order to consolidate the imperial power, they thought of a soldier, the system of separation of powers, although this system consolidates the imperial power very well, but there are many more positions, so the Song Dynasty will have so many idle officials. <>

In fact, this system is Zhao Kuangyin.

brought it up because Zhao Kuangyin was originally just a general, and later his subordinates put on the imperial robe.

Draped on him, he naturally became the emperor, he was afraid that the dynasty he established would be replaced by others in the future, so Zhao Kuangyin thought of the system of separation of military power, he also wanted to consolidate his imperial power through this system, because he knew how easy it was for a general with real power to rebel. <>

In order to consolidate the imperial power, Zhao Kuangyin opened two departments, one was the Privy Council.

The other is the temple division.

The Privy Council can mobilize the army, but can not command the army, and the front division of the palace can command the army, but does not have the right to mobilize the army, so it is indeed able to avoid a certain department or a certain person has too much power, but this also has many drawbacks, such as this leads to the Song Dynasty army's combat effectiveness is not strong, and there is the original one department can do things for two departments to do, which undoubtedly increases a lot of jobs, and raises a lot of idlers. <>

After that, this system gradually affected other departments, and many things that could have been completed by one department were also completed by two departments, but it was legal to do so, so there were more and more ** in the Song Dynasty.

After that, Fan Zhongyan.

saw the shortcomings of the Song Dynasty system, so he came up with two ways to change the situation at that time, but Fan Zhongyan's strength was too weak to fight against this deep-rooted system, although it hit the system to a certain extent, but it could not really change, and finally these idle officials continued until the fall of the Song Dynasty.

Because the Song Dynasty emphasized literature over military force, it rarely had wars with other countries, the common people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and there was more wealth in society.

Because the Song Dynasty was mainly to consolidate its imperial power and set up a system of separation of powers, it led to a lot of idle officials in the Song Dynasty.

In the middle and late Song Dynasty, the imperial court was already a mansion in the air, and its corruption level was already the smell of Zhumen's wine and meat, and the road had frozen bones, and the people's taxes were seriously unable to meet the upper class.

Although the phenomenon of redundant officials in the Song Dynasty was serious, this was the policy of the Song Dynasty since the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Because such a bureaucratic system has been accumulated over many years, it is very difficult to change it, and if you don't raise idle officials, it will touch the interests of many people, so this is the case.

The starting point of the establishment of the national political system in the Song Dynasty was to prevent the phenomenon of separating feudal towns in the Tang Dynasty, so after the establishment of political power by Zhao Kuangyin, Taizu of the Song Dynasty, he began to carry out political reforms, which were mainly manifested in the internal decentralization of power and the external collection of power. 1.Internal decentralization, that is, the division of the prime minister's powers, the establishment of the governor's affairs, the Privy Council, the trial and punishment court and the minister (that is, in charge of the household department, the degree branch and the salt and iron of the three envoys), and in order to prevent fraud between the first, the implementation of the official, post, difference separation system, that is, a position often needs two or three ** coordination to cope.

2.In order to prevent some possibilities for the formation of feudal town secession, the "Caoxian Marshal Warehouse" was set up in the local area, which was in charge of the local Cao Yun, prison, military and Changping, and firmly controlled the local finances in the hands of the first class, and implemented the system of separating soldiers and generals, "the impermanent division and the impermanent commander of the army", and for the stability of the first, the forbidden army was stationed in the Beijing division, and then stationed in the place according to the order of the Xiang army, the township soldiers, and the feudal soldiers. Through the above measures, the consequences can be imagined, resulting in the Song Dynasty bureaucracy swelled seriously, serious overstaffing, in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China The disadvantages have not been revealed, in the middle and late periods, with the invasion of foreign nations, the disadvantages have been exposed, and there has been redundant soldiers, redundant officials, redundant expenses, that is, ** overstaffing, overstaffing, resulting in the state finances not making ends meet.

Some people also believe that the phenomenon of redundant officials in the Song Dynasty was caused by the separation of official positions. However, I would like to say that all dynasties have had redundant officials, but other dynasties may not have a system of separation of official posts, and the system of separation of official posts is not the main reason for redundant officials. The main reason for the bloated bureaucracy and redundant bureaucracy was the ancestral law of the Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin who formulated the "Grace and Shade System".

This is also one of the backgrounds of Song Shenzong's determination to use Wang Anshi to implement the law change.

Bao Zheng is the Yin of Kaifeng Mansion, and then he will be given a secretary to cover him, to see if he dares to kill Chen Shimei. **It's not a big deal to increase the financial burden, print more money, and use silver as currency to go out and nail it in your pocket. In particular, Zhang Yuan, in the three battles between the founding of the Western Xia and the Northern Song Dynasty, the Battle of Sanchuan Village, the Battle of Haoshuichuan, and the Battle of Dingchuan Village, gave advice to Li Yuanhao many times, which made the Song Dynasty suffer a lot, and also had many suggestions for the establishment of the Western Xia State.

An official is a rank, and a position is a position of real power. There are officials without positions, and the annual income is only enough to support the family. Only by having an official position can one's income be acceptable and support one's family is not a problem, and second, one's ability can be brought into play.

<> so-called official dispatch, official is a fictitious title, which only indicates the official position and the level of the salary. Rank is an honorary title for civil officials. Dispatch refers to the actual position of **, such as the title is Shangshu, and he is sent to serve as Zhizhou, and Zhizhou is the real position, because the demise of any dynasty is not overnight, let alone caused by a certain reason, it can be said that the demise requires a process, which may be fast or slow, and the cause of extinction is caused by the interweaving of various reasons.

Blindly expanding the imperial examinations. As we all know, the Song Dynasty was a prosperous era of literati, and it was known as the dynasty that scholars wanted to go to the most. In the Song Taizu era, the scale of each session was similar to that of the Tang Dynasty, and 120 people above the county level needed to be supported.

The situation may be more serious, because in ancient times "imperial power did not go to the countryside", and the countryside was usually managed by the gentry, while the urbanization rate in the Song Dynasty was about 20%.

Because Zhao Kuangyin started by seizing military power at that time, he was worried that others would also rebel against his rule, so he adopted a system to control it.

The serious phenomenon of redundant officials in the Northern Song Dynasty was due to the promotion system and the almost overflowing grace system in the Northern Song Dynasty. In particular, the conditions for the assessment of promotion are not to see who is better, but to see who makes fewer mistakes, which has caused many inaction.

The Song Dynasty did not have the intrusion of war at that time, so many military generals could not be reused, and the king relied on the civil generals to govern the country, so the military generals could not be reused, and the civil officials were of a high status.

Because the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty was Zhao Kuangyin, because he came to power through a mutiny, he knew how terrible the generals were, so he released the military power with a glass of wine, sent the generals home, and has been emphasizing literature over military force ever since.

The Song Dynasty's reuse of civilian officials began at the beginning of the country, and it could not be changed for a while, and there were mostly Chinese officials in the dynasty, so when their interests were touched, they would huddle.

I think the reason why they didn't reuse military generals at that time was because of the wrong atmosphere in the Song Kingdom, so they didn't reuse military generals. They just liked Wen Jiang at that time.

Maybe it's because since the emperor, everyone has a special love for culture. There are even some places that prefer these literary arts to governing the country. Moreover, at that time, the culture was prosperous, and the economy was more prosperous than that of the Tang Dynasty, so they did not have any idea of changing the phenomenon.

The Tang and Song dynasties were relatively prosperous, and everyone knew that if the lives of the people were better, more time would be spent on learning culture, so emphasizing literature and ignoring military force was a very serious behavior, but it was difficult to change.

I think this has a lot to do with the performance of the superiors. It is precisely because "the upper beam is not right and the lower beam is crooked" that the whole country will pay so little attention to martial arts, and all of them will go to the road of official career.

As we all know, fighting a war cannot really solve the problem, and only by studying culture well and reusing civilian officials can a country truly prosper.

The Tang and Song dynasties were indeed more literary, and there were not many battles to be fought at that time, so the military attachés had no use for force. That's probably why.

The reason why it is so serious is mainly because they feel that culture is the most important thing, and they always do not pay attention to military generals, which will lead to the defeat of the Song Dynasty.

Because the rulers feared that once the military generals were too strong, they would pose a threat to the ruler's own rule, and in order to prevent this, the Song Dynasty had always emphasized literature over military force, hoping to consolidate its rule.

There have been dynasties and dynasties, and there are still were.

Poverty and weakness and "three redundancies".

1) The formation of a situation of poverty: aFor example, there are generally many people holding the position of prime minister, and at the same time, there are also privy envoys, governors, and three envoys to divide the military, political, and financial powers of the prime minister.

The number of official positions also increased, resulting in a bloated Northern Song Dynasty organization; With the grace system, a bureaucrat can recommend dozens of relatives to become officials in his lifetime; The Northern Song Dynasty greatly promoted the imperial examination, and the number of candidates for the imperial examination increased, and the number of scholars also increased. b.Redundant soldiers, in order to prevent warlords from separating, peasant uprisings, and lower than ethnic minorities going south, the Song Dynasty order recruited displaced people into the army, the number of troops increased, and military spending increased.

c.Redundant expenses: The Northern Song Dynasty also had to give the Western Xia and Liao "year coins", and at the same time, due to the serious phenomenon of land annexation, the rich concealed the land, resulting in a sharp decline in fiscal revenue, which caused the financial crisis of the Northern Song Dynasty.

As a result, a situation of poverty has formed.

2) The formation of a weak situation: The Northern Song Dynasty absorbed the lessons of the military generals supporting the army and the division of feudal towns after the Middle and Tang Dynasties, which greatly weakened the military power of the military generals. The implementation of the law of changing military forces and the frequent transfer of military generals have led to the impermanent commander and commander of the army, and the establishment of different institutions to govern the army, and the separation of the right to transfer troops from the right to lead troops.

Weaken the combat effectiveness of the army. The army's slackness and low command efficiency and combat effectiveness led to the Northern Song Dynasty often losing in the struggle against the Liao and Western Xia. A weak situation has been formed

Don't say it's so complicated, let's talk about why there was a Qiu Badu shouting "Taiwei" in the ** script of the Ming Dynasty, and a "outsider" when he saw a rich man. This is sent by me - not to the old system of the Emperor and Song Dynasty.

"Taiwei" corresponds to the Song Dynasty's "Calibrator" and the second order of "Calibrator". The so-called "school inspection", in fact, is the meaning of "**, acting", in the Tang Dynasty, a certain order system official que, looking for a low-level small official to temporarily replace his position, is the beginning of the school inspector (such as Du Fu's "school inspection department member Wailang"), to the Anshi Rebellion, ** The actual duties of the imperial court are assumed by the foreign envoy, so the school inspector was regarded by the imperial court as a welfare to appease the local feudal town arrogant soldiers, and was appointed casually. In the Song Dynasty, because the inspector was worthless in the late Tang Dynasty and the fifth dynasty, he could send it even more, so it led to the fact that a soldier, oh did a good job, it is very likely to be "the captain of the school inspection", so first call you a "captain", but in the extreme situation of theory, this person who receives the salary of "** captain" may still be a soldier, rather than the highest level general in the general sense (although in fact, even if the general soldier is promoted to a division-level cadre (commander of the chamber), he cannot become a captain of the school, At most, it is a third-level calibrator, and from the wording of the official records of the Song Dynasty, if you are promoted again, you may have to be promoted to a cadre at the level of a theater commander like the Assassin Shi; ）。

"Outside the staff" corresponds to the official rank of the civil official of the Song Dynasty "a certain member of the outside Lang". The low-level civil officials of the Song Dynasty were mostly recruited by local heroes and officials, or by those who supplemented the officials by Enyin, and this group of people generally relied on the promotion of treatment (this official rank) year by year, and theoretically hindered by "a certain division member Wailang" (if you go up again, you will have a meritorious background in the imperial examination and the emperor's special purpose), so it has led to a local official who relies on family money to enter the state and county shogunate, oh does a good job, it is very likely that "a certain division member Wailang", then first call you a "member of the outside", but in the extreme situation of theory, This person who receives the salary of "a certain division member and a foreign lang" may still be a local clerk and not a deputy director of a certain department in a general sense (although in fact, this group of "a certain division member and foreign lang" are generally old fritters who can be the first and second leaders of the local-level city, after all, a certain division member and foreign lang already belong to the senior civil official "court official").

The two add up to a dozen deputy directors of a real ** department, but there are hundreds or even more than a thousand people outside the consciousness of the people (in fact, of course, there are far more than a dozen); There are more than a dozen real highest-ranking generals, but there are hundreds or even more than a thousand lieutenants in the public consciousness (in fact, of course, there are far more than a dozen). This phenomenon of redundant officials has led to a large-scale decline in the price of "taiwei" and "outside" among the people, just as the "monk" has been reduced from the honorific title of senior monk to the title of ordinary monk ("bhikshu") because of the indiscriminate distribution of monks.