What tests are needed to diagnose advanced lung cancer?

Lung cancer is divided into four categories according to histopathology, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma.

Lung cancer is divided into two categories according to clinical characteristics, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (other cell types other than small cell carcinoma, including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, etc.).

It is very important for lung cancer to be divided into small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer according to clinical characteristics, which is related to the choice of regimen and prognosis.

I am also a family member of the patient, and my experience is; Our families need to be able to respond rationally while accepting the cruel facts. We should pay close attention to learning the basic knowledge of cancer, understand the main methods of the disease, and be familiar with the characteristics and use of the main drugs, so that the family can communicate with the doctor, understand the plan given by the doctor, cooperate well, and grasp the correct thinking and direction. Do to understand the condition, combined with the family's situation.

Find a plan that suits you and carry it out reasonably and effectively.

If the family does not understand the basic knowledge and allows the doctor to give a large dose of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, when spending huge medical expenses, the result will inevitably be both people and money.

To arrange the ** expenses reasonably, you can't spend a lot of money at the beginning, and when you need economic support in the later stage, you have no money. It causes pain to the patient and regrets to the family.

It is important to check regularly, not only during the evaluation period when switching programs, but also during the stabilization period when the program is effective. The daily medication, the patient's condition, various examination reports, evaluation results, and adverse reactions of major drugs should be recorded in detail. It can provide reference and reference for future **.

Then you have to do a tracheoscopy and do a biopsy to finally qualify.

Chest x-ray and CT are usually done first, and if a shadow is found, further tests such as a needle and biopsy are needed to confirm the diagnosis. A cancer diagnosis requires multiple tests to avoid a single misdiagnosis. Patients can also go to several hospitals to try.

No. CT can only be used as an auxiliary reference for the diagnosis of lung cancer.

The most accurate way to diagnose lung cancer is to do a pathological examination.

CT examination can only show that the lungs have an impression, and some patients have not very good lungs, and the lymph nodes in the lungs are mostly enlarged, which can basically be seen from the film. Combined with the patient's uncomfortable symptoms and hematological tumor indicators, the condition of lung cancer can be basically determined.

Once lung lesions are found in physical examination or for other reasons (generally described as "nodule", "mass", "mass", or "shadow" on the CT or X-ray diagnostic report, nodules generally refer to smaller masses), it is recommended to go to the thoracic surgeon first, and the thoracic surgeon will further determine whether contrast-enhanced CT, bronchoscopy and other examinations are needed.

In some cases, it is difficult to identify before surgery, but if the imaging shows lung lesions and lung cancer cannot be ruled out, diagnostic surgical resection can be selected, and benign or malignant can be determined according to frozen pathological examination during surgery. In some cases, inflammation or tuberculosis is more likely to be diagnosed, and a trial**, such as anti-inflammatory antituberculosis**, may be an option if a puncture result is not available. After a period of time, the judgment will be made based on the results of the review, and it will be clear.

Lung cancer is a very serious lung disease, once the disease is easy to develop into advanced lung cancer, so once we have lung discomfort in our daily life, we must go to a regular hospital for examination in time, in order to strive for early detection and early development. So how to check and diagnose lung cancer in the early stage, let's take a detailed look at it below. Experts say that lung cancer is very harmful, and early detection is the key.

The early detection of lung cancer is the most important factor in determining the prognosis, most of the patients with advanced lung cancer die within 1 year, and the 5-year survival rate of early lung cancer can reach 60% to 90% after surgery**and comprehensive**, so the diagnosis of early lung cancer is the key to lung cancer. When patients come to the hospital with symptoms of cough, chest pain and hemoptysis, they are diagnosed as at an advanced stage, and domestic and foreign data show that once the lung cancer patients are diagnosed by pathology, 80% of them are already at an advanced stage. Unfortunately, many early-stage lung cancers do not have any symptoms or the symptoms are mild enough to attract the attention of patients and miss the opportunity to diagnose early-stage lung cancer.

Lung cancer can be diagnosed at an early stage by taking a chest x-ray or chest CT. Chest x-ray can be used to diagnose lung cancer, which is better and safer than chest fluoroscopy, and if chest x-ray is abnormal, chest CT examination should be done further, tumor cells should be found in sputum, and flexible bronchoscopy should be done if necessary. It is worth mentioning that chest x-ray is not a panacea, and some early-stage lung cancers do not have abnormal manifestations on chest x-ray, and there are some "blind spots", which should be closely followed-up.

Chest CT is more effective in detecting peripheral lung lesions than ordinary chest x-rays. The literature has reported that low-dose CT is 10 times more sensitive than ordinary chest x-ray for detecting small nodules in the lungs. Therefore, some scholars have suggested that smokers over the age of 60 should undergo annual low-dose spiral CT screening.

In addition, percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy is extremely accurate in diagnosing malignant pulmonary nodules, with a sensitivity of 70% to 100%, but it is invasive and has certain complications, such as pneumothorax and hemoptysis. The above is the method of early detection and diagnosis of lung cancer.

Condition analysis: good lung tumors are not detected by examination, and the vast majority of lung cancers are concluded through imaging examinations, and a small number of suspected patients need to check tumor markers.

If you want to rule out lung cancer, you can do enhanced CT, and if you need to distinguish between benign and malignant cancer, you can do PET CT (the cost is 6,000 yuan), or needle biopsy.

Hello, this friend, early stage lung cancer is generally difficult to detect, which is one of the reasons why most lung cancers are found to be in the middle and advanced stages! In addition to the relevant clinical symptoms, we often check for lung cancer through relevant imaging tests (like you said, CT, etc.), bronchoscopic biopsy, needle biopsy, tumor marker determination, etc. However, it is important to note that your father's symptoms are not typical of lung cancer and are not specific to the disease.

Therefore, in terms of diagnosis and treatment, it is recommended that you follow the doctor's instructions! If you don't trust your local doctor, you can go to a higher level hospital.

First of all, if the symptoms of cough and sputum are severe and cannot be relieved for a long time, and are accompanied by chest pain, coughing up blood and other manifestations, it is necessary to be alert to the occurrence of serious lung lesions and carry out corresponding examinations in time.

Secondly, blood tests can be carried out, such as checking some lung tumors, four items, blood routine, sputum culture and other examinations, if it is found that the lung tumor marker index is higher and the increase is more significant, it indicates that the tumor is more likely, and the next step of the examination should be carried out in time.

If the chest CT finds that there is a mass in the chest, and the range is large and the shape is irregular, in order to clarify the nature of the mass, CT can be strengthened to judge, and at the same time, needle biopsy can be performed to carry out relevant pathological examination to determine the type and severity of the tumor, and once the lung cancer is diagnosed, CT or color ultrasound examination of other parts of the body should be performed to observe whether there is metastasis in other parts. In addition, tracheoscopy can also be used to visually observe the condition of the tumor, and a part of the tissue can be taken for pathological and other related examinations.

Examination items: blood routine, CT, X-ray, sputum test.

Chest X-ray is the easiest and most inexpensive test.

Chest CT: can show lesions that cannot be detected by ordinary x-rays, and show the extent and extent of hilar lymph node and mediastinal involvement.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): not as good as CT in detecting small lung lesions, but it can show the relationship between the tumor and the large blood vessels. MRI with contrast is preferred when the presence of intracranial metastases is determined.

Positron emission tomography (PET): whole-body PET is significantly more accurate than CT and radionuclide bone scans in identifying lung masses, lymph nodes, or distant metastases.

Sputum cytology: the positive rate is related to the location and size of the tumor, the quality of sputum, and whether there is a concurrent infection, etc., and the detection rate of central lung cancer is high, but it is difficult to determine the type, so it is not recommended at present.

Flexible bronchoscopy: the location, size and extent of bronchial lumen invasion can be observed, and tissue can be obtained for pathological examination. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is a new technique that can help determine the extent of lesions and improve the accuracy of transmural biopsy for lesions with only airway compression and no intraluminal mass.

Percutaneous lung biopsy: performed under CT guidance, the biopsy has a positive rate of up to 90%, and is often false-negative if the tumor contains a large number of necrotic areas.

Thoracoscopy and open biopsy: thoracoscopic or exploratory thoracotomy biopsy may be considered for difficult-to-diagnose peripheral, mediastinal or pleural lesions.

Ultrasound of superficial lymph nodes: SCLC is easy to metastasize to supraclavicular lymph nodes, and ultrasound scans of the neck, supraclavicular clavicle, axilla, etc. determine the stage of lymph node metastasis.

Abdominal ultrasound, CT, or MRI: the liver and adrenal glands are prone to metastasis of SCLC, and abdominal imaging should be performed to determine staging in newly diagnosed patients.

MRI of the brain with contrast: MRI with contrast is more sensitive than CT for brain metastases.

Whole body bone scan: If a whole body bone scan suggests hypermetabolism, a careful history should be taken and MRI should be used to determine whether metastases are present.