How antibiotic resistance is transmitted

AntibioticsAntimicrobial resistanceIt should not be overlooked, the simple route of transmission reminds us of the proper use of antibiotics. When an infection is found, we should first go to the hospital to check if it is a bacterial infection. Under the guidance of a doctor, we should choose the right antibiotic and take it according to the course of treatment.

What is drug resistance? Antimicrobial resistance refers to bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.

After the pathogen develops resistance, the antibiotic cannot recognize or attack the bacteria in the body. Drug-resistant pathogens are assumed.

Spreading globally, all patients infected with these pathogens cannot control the disease with traditional methods. In general, antibiotic resistance is actually a new type of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the body, and the emergence of this new organism can pose a threat to human health.

Antibiotic resistance is considered a global challenge, as important as climate change, water scarcity and environmental damage. The root of this problem is closely related to human wrongdoing. The following three behaviors are the disaster source of drug resistance, indiscriminate use of drugs, and many people regard antibiotics as a panacea, once they have a fever.

Cough, sore throat.

Some people will take some antibiotics in order to prevent diseases, which are all medication errors. Taking inappropriate antibiotics not only slows the progression of the disease, but also increases the risk of drug resistance.

There are also improper use of drugs in medical institutions, and the professional quality of some grassroots medical personnel is limited, blindly catering to the psychology that people do not spend too much money when seeking medical treatment, but the effect is fast, making antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, and infusions become the standard prescription of many grassroots hospitals. The disorderly use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, such as reducing mortality and accelerating reproduction, is more prominent in the blind and excessive use of drugs in animal husbandry, and the use of banned antibiotics also occurs from time to time. If there are antibiotic residues in plants and animals, then people eating these foods are equivalent to eating second-hand antibiotics, and drug resistance will be increased unconsciously.

AntibioticsAnti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatory drugs are inflammatory, while antibiotics are only suitable for inflammation caused by bacteria, not viruses. Swelling, pain, and allergic reactions that occur in daily life.

caused by contact dermatitis.

Drug-induced dermatitis and viral inflammation should not be treated with antibiotics**. The principle of antibiotic use is that narrow-spectrum antibiotics can replace broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Low-grade antibiotics can be used as an alternative to high-grade antibiotics; One antibiotic can replace two antibiotics to solve the problem; Antibiotics are generally not appropriate for mild or moderate infections. New antibiotics are better than old antibiotics, and each antibiotic has its own advantages and disadvantages, and should be used according to the best person. Some old drugs have stable efficacy and clear adverse reactions; The birth of new antibiotics is often due to the resistance of older antibiotics.

If the old antibiotic is effective, the old antibiotic should be used. The more types of antibiotics, the better the efficacy, and the combination of antibiotics is generally not recommended, which will increase the factors of irrational drug use and easily reduce the efficacy. In order to avoid the occurrence of drug resistance and ***, never use two antibiotics when one antibiotic can solve the problem.

Antibiotic resistance is a step-by-step transformation in the human body, slowly penetrating into all relevant tissues of the human body.

Antibiotic resistance is caused by the production of antibodies by the immune cells of human cells to immunize the germ, but the antibiotic no longer works after the mutation of the germ, so drug resistance will occur.

Antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria. In the bacterial community, there are a small number of drug-resistant mutant species, and too much antibiotic application will kill most of the non-resistant bacteria, so that the population density of drug-resistant bacteria increases, and after several generations of reproduction, the killing effect of the antibiotic on this species is almost 0.

Examples of antibiotic resistance transmission processes:

Animals are given antibiotics and develop drug-resistant bacteria in their internal organs.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can remain on the meat of animals. If not handled properly or cooked properly, the bacteria can spread to humans.

Fertilizers or water containing animal manure and drug-resistant bacteria are used for food crops.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal manure can remain on crops and be eaten. These bacteria can remain in the human intestines.

This will not be disseminated through any channels.

Bacteria are produced.

According to the current research results of DU, there are four main mechanisms:

First, DAO bacteria produce one or more hydrolases or passivation enzymes to hydrolyze or modify antibiotics that enter the bacterial cell to make them lose their biological activity;

Second, the target site of the antibiotic cannot play a role due to mutation or modification by an enzyme produced by bacteria, and the structure of the target enzyme of the antibiotic is changed, so that the affinity with the antibiotic decreases;

third, due to changes in the permeability of bacterial cell membranes or other changes in related properties;

Fourth, bacteria have an active transport mechanism that relies on energy, that is, it is able to pump drugs that have entered the cell to the outside of the cell.

Some successful strategies for controlling the emergence of drug resistance:

Strictly control antibiotics related to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, do not limit the use of antibiotics with low potential resistance, do not use ineffective antibiotics, the cycle of antibiotics should not be too long, do not use antibiotics continuously to ** low-grade fever with persistent leukocytosis, do not use antibiotics ** high fever caused by non-infectious diseases.

To sum it up, that's all there is:

1. Produces beta-lactamase, inactivates antibiotics, 2. Changes the permeability of the cytoplasm, increases efflux, 3. Isomerism or mutation of the target site, like antibiotics have no effect on the target site.

It's all in microbiology and pharmacology textbooks...

The following is what the encyclopedia says, which is quite reliable, 1) produces inactivated enzymes.

There are two types of inactivating enzymes, one is hydrolase, such as -lactamase, which hydrolyzes penicillin or cephalosporin. The enzyme can be chromosome- or plasmid-mediated, and some enzymes are produced as constitutional (histomase); Others can be induced (induced enzymes). The second is passivating enzymes, also known as synthases, which can catalyze the binding of certain groups to the OH or NH2 groups of antibiotics to inactivate antibiotics.

Most gram-negative bacilli resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics produce plasmid-mediated passivation enzymes, such as acetyltransferases on NH2 groups and phosphotransferases and nucleoside transferases on OH groups. The above-mentioned enzymes are located in the extracytoplasmic space, and after being passivated by the above-mentioned enzymes, aminoglycosides are not easy to bind to the nucleosomes in bacteria, thus causing drug resistance.

2) Change the permeability of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.

Bacteria can make it difficult for antimicrobial drugs to enter the bacteria through various ways, such as the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacilli has a natural barrier effect on penicillin G; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacilli cell wall water pores, or non-specific channel function changes in the outer membrane, causing bacterial resistance to some broad-spectrum penicillins, cephalosporins, including some third-generation cephalosporins; Bacterial resistance to tetracycline is mainly due to the fact that the drug-resistant plasmid can induce the production of three new proteins, which blocks the cell wall water pores and makes the drug unable to enter. In addition to the above-mentioned passivation enzymes, gram-negative bacilli resistance to aminoglycosides can also be difficult to penetrate into bacteria due to changes in cell wall water pores.

and 3) changes in the structure of the target site in bacteria.

The p10 protein at the target site of streptomycin on the 30S subunit of the bacterial nucleoproteosome of the streptomycin-resistant strains was changed. The resistance of lincomycin and erythromycin is caused by the change of the target protein on the 23S subunit of the bacterial nucleoteosome, so that the drug cannot bind to the bacteria. Resistance to penicillin G in some gonorrhoeae and methoxybenzenicillin in Staphylococcus aureus is due to mutations in the penicillin-binding protein that make it difficult for the drug to bind. This resistant strain is often resistant to other penicillins and cephalosporins as well.