Ancient or modern Western philosophical views, the central views of Western philosophy

Positivism. Voluntarism.

Assertiveness. Critical Philosophy.

Existential philosophy.

Contemporary Philosophy of Language.

Although the philosophical ideas of ancient Greece were premised on myths and legends, the gods and half-gods of myths and legends were the projections of the present people. Some scholars have pointed out when talking about the characteristics of the gods in ancient Greek mythology: The gods of most nations pretend to have created the world, and the gods of Olympus do not pretend to be so.

The main thing they did was to conquer the world. This is the valuable place of ancient Greek mythology, which reflects the positive and enterprising attitude of the ancient Greeks towards life through the form of mythology. After Western philosophy emerged from mythology, before the formation of Marxist philosophy, it went through three periods: ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, medieval philosophy, and modern philosophy.

Ancient Greco-Roman philosophy.

Ancient Greco-Roman Philosophy It can be roughly divided into three stages:

From the 7th to the 6th centuries BC, philosophers attached great importance to the study of the origin of the universe, and the philosophy of this period was called natural philosophy. Due to the different principles of the world and the different regions where philosophers lived, the school of Miletus, the school of Ephesian, the school of Pythagoras, and the school of Elia were formed. The Miletus School is named after'water'、'Indefinite'、'gas'for the origin of the world; Heraclitus of the Ephyps school believed that everything in the world is a fire that burns and extinguishes in a regular manner; The Pythagoreans'number'It is regarded as the prototype of things, and it is believed that numbers make up the universe'Order'，'Everything counts'；The Arians reduced the ever-changing world to an illusory illusion and held that the only thing that was real was'exists'，'exists'It is single, finite, unchanging, and indivisible.

Later natural philosophers put it up again'Four elements'(water, fire, earth, air),'Seeds'、'Atomic'and other concepts to explore the origin of the world; Others further explore the driving force of the world's movement and change, believing that there is a most delicate, dynamic, and material thing'Nuss', prompting heat and cold, dry and wet, etc., to correspond as well'Seeds'Detached from the primordial mixture, it begins to move and constitutes a myriad of universes and concrete things.

1 Socrates: The wisest man is the one who understands his own ignorance; True knowledge comes from within, not from others; The ability to distinguish between right and wrong is found in human reason.

2 Plato: The World of Ideas and the World of the Senses; Recalled.

3 Aristotle: There is no innate "idea", "form" is present in things. "Material" is the material of which things are composed, and "form" is the individual characteristics of each thing.

Every change in nature is the result of the transformation of matter from "potential" to "realization". Material cause, power cause, form cause, purpose cause. First push.

4 Kant: The Three Critiques. Critique of Pure Reason:

What can we know? Human cognition is limited by the senses and reason, and man legislates with nature. Practical Rational Critique:

Man is an end, not a means. The moral imperative of freedom. Critical judgment.

Faith: The standard of practice.

5 Hegel: Truth is subjective; History is like a river, and philosophy and thought cannot be separated from the historical background and develop in the direction of understanding itself more and more; the negation of negation, dialectics; Subjective spirit, objective spirit, absolute spirit.

6 Descartes: I think, therefore I am; The perfect entity (God) exists; The real world exists; mind-object dualism, the spiritual world and the material world ("soul" and "extensive"); Mind-body sympathetic theory (pineal gland).

Western philosophy has lasted for 2,600 years and is divided into four phases: ancient, medieval, modern and modern.

The core of ancient philosophy is ancient Greek philosophy, and the core of ancient Greek philosophy is Socrates. Apple founder Steve. Jobs wanted to exchange all his money for an afternoon with Socrates.

Ancient Greek philosophy lasted from the sixth century BC to the second century BC, which corresponds to the Spring and Autumn Period in China to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. Spatially, first the Aegean Sea, then southern Italy, and finally Athens. Socrates lived in Athens.

Before Socrates, there were two philosophical systems, one was natural philosophy and the other was the school of dialectics. Natural philosophy, the study of all things, these are water, air, fire, earth, and numbers. All their dilemmas have answers, but they are not well-founded.

The other is the school of dialectics, who love to travel. During the trip, they saw that there are no universal rules and that everything is relative. But the question is, if there is no absolute value, what kind of life principles should people adhere to?

So they are prone to skepticism.

Socrates. This kind of arbitrariness and suspicion was abandoned. He achieved the transcendence of thought, he was right on. He was not interested in the external natural world, he was concerned with human life. His greatness lies in discovering the dilemmas of that era and devising a way out.

Socrates believed that a life without censorship was not worth living. If you obey your parents and society, and live a life without reflection, it is dispensable.

Socrates believed that philosophers should focus on the cosmology, life, and values at the same time. His student Plato was concerned with reason, while Plato's student Aristotle was more concerned with real life and focused on human experience. Later philosophers would choose between reason and experience, or both, but neither was separated from Socrates' cognitive framework.