In the restoration of ancient books, how to repair damaged and missing characters?

Generally, there are three ways to fix it, which are:Underlined wordsNo crossings, no fillingswithUnderlining does not complement words。Here, the "column" is the "sidebar" in the layout of ancient books, which is a square line that encloses the characters into a layout. Whichever method is used to restore ancient books, the principle of "restoring the old as the old" must be followed.

The so-called "renovating the old as the old" is to restore the original style of ancient books to the greatest extent on the basis of restoration. It is necessary to have a unique antique technology, and at the same time, it is necessary to choose the same or similar materials as the ancient books, so as to preserve the original characteristics of the ancient books and help to verify the version. Here are three ways to fix missing text.

First,Underlined words。It means that when restoring ancient books, the sidebar is drawn to complete the missing words, and the missing words can be known through expert research. This method is one of the most traditional methods of ancient book restoration, but it is rarely used nowadays, because it is easy to destroy the original style of ancient books and cause inconvenience to experts to verify other relevant information.

Second,No crossings, no fillings。The meaning is simple and clear, regardless of the original sidebar and words and other information of ancient books, only the paper is mended, and the paper materials of the same and similar materials are selected to fill in the missing corners and corners of ancient books, which is the most recognized method in the industry now. As a restorer, what he is good at is not to judge what needs to be added to the missing text, but to do a "minimal restoration", so this not only makes the whole book look much neater, but also retains the original flavor of the ancient book, which provides considerable convenience for the research work.

Third,Underlining does not complement words。This is an integration of the first two methods, if only the paper is supplemented, it may be a little thin, if all are supplemented, then the ancient book cannot be called an ancient book. So someone came up with this method, because the sidebar is just a typography style, and it is much easier to judge and repair the sidebar than to repair the broken text, and it will not cause much damage to the ancient book.

The damaged and missing text will generally be crossed out and filled, and the specific method is to imitate the original font and complete it.

In general, there will be a way to fill in the columns, and you can also repair it by finding other materials, so that you can determine the specific content.

First of all, it is necessary to find out what the missing text is through research, and then complete it according to the original font, and at the same time, the damaged part should be repaired and filed, so that it can be repaired.

The principles of ancient book restoration include:The principle of least intervention, the principle of reconstruction, the principle of reversibility, and the principle of maximum retention of historical information

1. The principle of least intervention

In the restoration of ancient books, the traditional method of mounting the whole volume and the whole leaf is abandoned, and the current situation of the dilapidation of each part of the document is specifically analyzed, and different situations are treated differently. Minimize the addition of restoration materials to the collection, avoid protective damage caused by excessive restoration, and try to retain all kinds of research information of ancient documents.

2. The principle of the old as the old

In the restoration, the original appearance of ancient books and documents should be maintained as much as possible, and the binding style of the documents should be preserved. The so-called "old as old" here is not an attempt to restore that the document has not damaged its original appearance, "such as" the ancient "old". It is impossible to restore the "old" in ancient times, but to maintain the original appearance of the document as much as possible before the restoration, that is, in the restoration work, only the broken part of the document will be maintained, and the existing condition of the other parts will never be changed in any form.

3. The principle of reversibility

That is, the remedial measures are reversible and repeatable. If a more scientific and appropriate protection and restoration technology is found in the future, the repair materials can be replaced at any time and the original state before the restoration can be returned. At the same time, the principle of reversibility is very necessary for us to correct mistakes in our work and try not to damage ancient books.

4. The principle of preserving historical information to the greatest extent

That is, the restoration materials (paper, thread, pigment, ink, etc.) used in the restoration must have a certain color difference with the materials of the original documents, so as to avoid confusion with the inherent historical information of the collection itself.

The restoration requirements of ordinary versions of ancient books are relatively simple, generally only need to repair the damaged parts and bind them into a book, so that they can be read frequently. However, the requirements for the restoration of rare books and rare books are much higher. Most of the rare books and rare books are books that are older and have the value of editions and cultural relics.

In order to properly preserve the original style of rare and rare books of different eras, and to preserve their artistic characteristics in engraving and binding, the restoration work should be carried out in accordance with the original style of these ancient books as much as possible. Therefore, the basic principle of the restoration of rare books and rare books is "to keep the old as the old".

"Old as old" is very detailed and complex in terms of repair and binding techniques. It not only requires ancient book restorers to master exquisite repair techniques, but also to have some knowledge of editions, and to understand the paper and binding characteristics of ancient books in China, so as to be aware of them in the restoration.

Before carrying out the work, it is necessary to first follow the principle of "the old as the old". In principle, according to the specific situation of ancient book damage, formulate an appropriate restoration plan, and then prepare tools and materials according to the plan, and then carry out the restoration work.

All the principles in the restoration of ancient books and documents are to ensure the original style of the maximum program, even if the restoration materials are replaced at a later stage, it will not cause damage.

1. The principle of "favorable protection".

The value of ancient books determines that the restoration must be carried out by professional restorers, and every link in the restoration process must meet the requirements of ancient book protection, and then be restored on the basis of protection.

Second, the principle of "the old as the old".

In the restoration of ancient books, the original binding form cannot be changed. The paper used in the restoration should be basically consistent with the original, and the natural purpose is to keep the original as much as possible after the completion of the restoration, which is the principle of "the old as the old", and it is also the most important principle in the restoration of ancient books!

Third, the principle of "rescue first, ** supplemented".

According to the degree of damage, the order of restoration of ancient books and documents should be scientifically and rationally arranged, and priority should be given to the restoration of those ancient books that are seriously damaged and endangered. Taking rescue as the starting point, the ancient books with light damage and low value are placed at the end for restoration.

Fourth, the principle of "minimal intervention".

It is necessary to control the restoration goal of ancient books as much as possible, and carry out minimal intervention and intervention in the historical information of ancient books. If there is very little damage to the ancient book, then it is necessary to carry out minor repairs or even no repairs as appropriate. When the modification is very difficult, it is necessary to strictly follow the principle of "minimum intervention" and carry out the repair process step by step, so as not to cause irreparable damage due to carelessness.

Fifth, the principle of "repair is reversible".

To put it simply, it is what the original is, and according to the needs, it can be restored to the original state, that is, the materials used in the previous restoration can be dismantled and replaced, without causing damage to the ancient books.