The manifestations and roots of the two opposing views of history

1.The two fundamentally opposing views of history are: the materialist view of history and the idealistic view of history.

The materialist view of history is an integral part of Marxist philosophy and the only scientific view of history. The materialist view of history holds that social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness can actively react on social existence. He pointed out that social history is an objective and law-abiding dialectical process of development, that the basic contradictions in society are the driving force of all social development, and that the productive forces are the initial source of social development. In a class society, class struggle is the direct driving force of social development; The masses of the people are the main force promoting the development of history. The fundamental flaws of the idealist view of history are:

First, the previous theories of history at most examined the ideological motives of people's historical activities, but did not examine the reasons for these motives, failed to feel the objective laws of the development of the social relations system, and failed to see that the degree of development of material production was the root cause of such relations. Second, the historical theories of the past do not explain the activities of the masses of the people. ”

II 1The so-called contradiction is the driving force for the development of things, which means that the opposite sides of the contradiction struggle and the same, thus promoting the development of things, or the combination of the relative identity of the contradiction and the absolute struggle, constitutes the driving force for the development of things. 2.

The identity of contradictions and the nature of struggle each play a role in promoting the development of things.

1) The role of identity in the development of things is mainly as follows: the two sides of the contradiction are the conditions for each other's existence, and the two sides of the contradiction can use the development of the other party to make their own development; The two sides of the contradiction contain each other, and can absorb each other's favorable factors and develop; The two sides of the contradiction are interconnected, and they can be transformed into their own opposites and develop.

2) The role of struggle in the development of things is mainly manifested in: promoting the change of the balance of power between the two sides of the contradiction, resulting in the quantitative change of things; Promote the transformation of the status or nature of both sides of the contradiction, and realize the qualitative change of things.

3) The identity and struggle of contradictions cannot act in isolation, and their role in the development of things can only be realized in the combination of the two.

3. The correct application of production relations must conform to the law governing the development of productive forces.

1. The relations of production must be in accordance with the law of the development of the productive forces.

The relations of production must be in line with the law of the development of the productive forces, and must be of theoretical and practical significance.

First of all, the law that the relations of production must be suited to the state of the productive forces provides us with a key to correctly understanding and exploring the roots of historical development.

Second, this law is the theoretical basis for a Marxist political party to formulate its line, principles, and policies.

2. The theoretical basis of China's economic system reform.

The law that the relations of production must be suited to the development of the productive forces is the theoretical basis for the reform of China's economic structure.

The reform of China's economic system is the inevitable result of the contradictory movement between the productive forces and the relations of production. China's socialist relations of production are basically suited to the conditions of China's productive forces, and thus promote the development of productive forces. However, there are still certain factors and links in China's socialist production relations that are not suitable for the development of the productive forces.

Therefore, with the continuous development of the productive forces, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the society of our country at this stage.

There is a fundamental difference between historical materialism and historical idealism on the question of who is the creator of history. Historical idealism proceeds from the premise that social consciousness determines social existence, denies that the mode of production of material materials is the decisive force for social development, obliterates the historical role of the masses of the people, and advocates that a small number of heroic figures create history.

Historical materialism advocates from the basic principle that social existence determines social consciousness and that the mode of production of material materials is the basis for the existence and development of human society"History as a whole is originally made up of individual activities, and the task of the social sciences is to explain them"。Human beings are people in a real society, and in order to explain the problem of the creators of history, it is necessary to comprehensively, concretely, and historically examine and analyze the role of people in the historical development of society.

It is believed that human history is first and foremost the history of production and development, and the history of the laboring masses who are the bearers of material production, so we have come to the conclusion that the masses of people are the creators of history.

Extended Materials. Difference Between Historical Materialism and Historical Idealism:

1. The meaning is different. Historical materialism refers to the fact that social existence determines social consciousness, while historical idealism holds that social consciousness determines social existence.

2. Different claims on history. Materialism, which holds history.

On the issue of social and historical development and its laws, there have always been two fundamentally opposing viewpoints: one is historical materialism.

The other is the idealistic view of history. in Marxism.

Before its emergence, the idealistic view of history had been dominant. Its main defect is that it has at most examined the ideological motives of human activities, but has not further examined the material motives and economic roots behind the ideological motives, and thus proceeded from the premise that social consciousness determines social existence, regarded social history as the history of spiritual development, and completely understood the objective laws of social history and the decisive role of the masses of people in the development of social history.

Marx discovered the law of the development of human society, scientifically solved the problem of the relationship between social existence and social consciousness, and founded the materialist view of history. Marx clearly pointed out: "In the social production in which people live, there is a definite, inevitable, independent of their will, that is, with their material productive forces."

of production relations suitable for a certain stage of development.

The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, i.e. the legal and political superstructure.

A realistic basis erected on it and adapted to it with certain forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life regulates the entire process of social, political, and spiritual life. It is not people's consciousness that determines people's existence, on the contrary, it is people's social existence that determines people's consciousness.

When the material productive forces of society reach a certain stage of development, they come into contradiction with the existing relations of production or property in which they are constantly moving (this is only the legal term for the relations of production). As a result, these relations have changed from the form of development of the productive forces to the shackles of the productive forces. Then the time of the social revolution came.

With the economic base.

The whole huge superstructure is also changing slowly or quickly. This passage profoundly outlines the basic idea of historical materialism, and is the basic theoretical basis for us to investigate the history of human society and the laws of its development.

a.Voluntarism and fatalism.

b.The advanced view of history is rapidly ascending and the backward view of history is grasping.

c.Historical materialism and idealistic view of history.

d.The theory of old progress and regression of the former acreage.

Correct answer: c

The meaning of the identity and struggle of contradictions and the relationship between them:

The identity of contradiction is the attribute and tendency of the two sides of the contradiction to attract and connect with each other.

The fighting nature of a contradiction refers to the fact that the two sides of a contradiction are mutually exclusive and antagonistic to each other.

Relationship: Unity is premised on difference and opposition, and struggle is contained in identity.

Explain it with Marx's philosophical theory.

Materialist dialectics holds that everything in the world contains two aspects, which are both opposites and unified with each other.

Contradiction is the unity of opposites), the opposing attribute of contradiction is struggle, and the unified attribute of contradiction is identity, and they are the two basic attributes inherent in contradictions.

Examples: 1Teaching and learning are a contradiction of reality. Teachers teach students a variety of knowledge, and students learn a variety of knowledge from teachers. The teaching of teachers and the learning of students are interdependent unity, which is the manifestation of contradictory identity;

2.Teachers will put forward a variety of requirements in the process of teaching, and there is a large gap between what students are learning now and what teachers are currently learning. With this gap, there will be real meaning of teaching, which is a contradictory struggle.

The relationship between the identity of contradictions and the nature of struggle.