Dialectical materialism holds what knowledge is

Epistemology(epistemology), that is, the individual's view of knowledge, that is, the individual's belief in knowledge and knowledge acquisitionIt mainly includes beliefs about the structure and nature of knowledge, beliefs about knowledge and knowledge judgment, and the moderating and influencing role of these beliefs in the process of individual knowledge construction and knowledge acquisition, which has long been the core issue of philosophical research.

The study of epistemology in the field of psychology is relatively short, dating back to Piaget.

Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development:

In general, the individual's view of knowledge is first and foremost dualistic, characterized by a dualistic, absolute, either/or view of the world. Then it developed into pluralism, which began to acknowledge the diversity of views and uncertainties, believing that everyone has their own correct point of view.

The above content reference: Encyclopedia - Epistemology.

Dialectical materialism holds that cognition is people's subjective reflection of objective things.

Cognition is divided into two stages: perceptual cognition and rational cognition.

Perceptual cognition is the primary stage of cognition, and rational cognition is the advanced stage of cognition.

Dialectical materialism holds that the essence of knowing is: the active reflection of the subject on the object. Marxist philosophy introduces practice into epistemology, applies dialectics to reflection theory, grasps the essential prescriptiveness of cognitive activities and their results from the unity of the multiple contradictory relations between cognition and practice, subject and object, scientifically reveals the essence of cognition, and points out that cognition is the active reflection of the subject on the basis of practice.

Marxist philosophy is dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and dialectical materialism is composed of three parts: dialectical materialism, materialist dialectics, and dialectical materialist epistemology. Dialectical materialism was founded by Marx on the basis of critically inheriting the excellent achievements of human culture, especially on the basis of critically absorbing the "rational kernel" of Hegel's dialectic and the "basic kernel" of Feuerbach's materialism, and the birth of dialectical materialism is a revolution in the history of philosophy.

Dialectical materialist epistemology has two outstanding characteristics: it is based on social practice and cognition is constantly developing.

The doctrine of Marxist philosophy on the **, essence and laws of cognition. It adheres to the viewpoint of reflection theory, holding that the objective material world that exists independently of human consciousness is the object and source of cognition, and cognition is the subject's reflection of the object and the subjective reflection of the objective world.

Different from metaphysical materialism, dialectical materialism recognizes hail fortune as a reflection not of the passive and passive intuition of the objective world, but of the process of actively and actively reproducing the essence and laws of the object on the basis of the practice of transforming the object.

The basic characteristics of dialectical materialist epistemology mainly include the following aspects:

1.Practicality. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that knowledge comes from practice, and only through practical discussion can people have a correct understanding of objective things. Therefore, dialectical materialism emphasizes that practice is the only way to acquire knowledge.

2.Dialectical. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that cognition is a dialectical process, which requires the interaction of positive and negative aspects to achieve unity. This requires people to be sensitive to the relationship between contradictions and opposites in the process of understanding, and to maintain dialectical thinking.

3.Knowability. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that the objective world can be known, and human beings can obtain real and reliable knowledge through labor and cognitive activities.

4.Historic. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that epistemic activities have their historicity, that is, the categories of human cognition and thinking are constantly developing with the evolution of history.

An in-depth study of the historical process of human cognitive activities is helpful to better understand and understand the nature and laws of human cognitive activities.

5.Subjectivity. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that man is the subject of cognition, and that man's cognitive activity is a process of continuous self-development and self-improvement.

In the cognitive activities, people's subjective initiative plays an important role, and this initiative has a decisive impact on the correctness and profundity of understanding.

The above are the basic characteristics of dialectical materialist epistemology. These characteristics together constitute the theoretical system of dialectical materialist epistemology, which provides scientific methods and ways for people to understand and grasp the objective world.

1. The essence of cognition is the subject's active and creative reflection of the object on the basis of or through practice.

2. The understanding of the nature of cognition: First of all, practice is the basis and foundation of cognition, and cognition is neither "born to know", subjectively self-generated, nor directly to the object, but through the practical activities of the subject actively transforming the object. As Engels said:

The most essential and closest basis of the human mind is the changes in nature caused by man, and not nature itself". Secondly, it adheres to the principle of materialist reflection theory, that cognition is the reflection or copying of the object, that is, the cognition is based on the object, and the cognition must contain the content of reflecting or copying the object. Third, the reflection of cognition on the object is characterized by agency and creativity, including a certain selectivity and reconstruction, rather than simple and direct copying.

Matter is primordial, and consciousness is born.

Consciousness is a product of matter, and consciousness has a reaction to matter.

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The essence of knowledge is practice.

The reason why dialectical materialism considers cognition to be an active reflection of the objective world is because:

First, dialectical materialism adheres to the materialist line of moving from things to feelings and thoughts, which is different from the idealist line of insisting on moving from thoughts and feelings to things, and adheres to the principle of solipsistic reflection, which holds that knowledge is a reflection of the objective world.

Second, dialectical materialism overcomes the epistemology of the old materialism, that is, the epistemology of metaphysical materialism, regards human cognition as an intuitive, passive and passive reflection and acceptance of external objects, similar to an activity like looking in a mirror, departs from practice to examine the problem of cognition, does not understand the decisive role of practice in cognition, introduces the viewpoint of practice into epistemology, and scientifically stipulates that the subject and object of cognition are based on practice, and the relationship between subject and object is first and foremost a relationship between transformation and transformation. On this basis, the relationship between them is created between the reflection and the reflected. Cognition is a two-way interactive process of subjectification and objectification of the subject on the basis of practice, and it is a process of active creation of the subject of cognition.

Third, dialectical materialism overcomes the epistemology of the old materialism, that is, the epistemology of metaphysical materialism, and regards human cognition as an intuitive and passive reflection and acceptance of external objects, similar to an activity like looking in a mirror, does not understand the dialectical nature of cognition, departs from dialectics to examine the problem of cognition, does not regard cognition as a process of continuous development, and believes that cognition is a one-time success. Dialectical materialism applies dialectics to the theory of reflection and to the investigation of the development process of cognition, and scientifically reveals the dialectical relationship between the multifaceted changes in the process of cognition, such as the dialectical relationship between subjectivity and objectivity, cognition and practice, perceptual and rational, relative truth and absolute truth, etc., therefore, it comprehensively reveals the dialectical nature of the process of cognition, and regards cognition as an active process of cognition full of contradictions from ignorance to knowledge, from shallow to deep.

Fourth, dialectical materialism's reflection theory, which is characterized by the practical viewpoint and the dialectical viewpoint, not only refutes the idealistic transcendental theory and agnostic skepticism, but also overcomes the defects of the old materialist intuitive reflection theory, establishes the dynamic revolutionary reflection theory based on the scientific outlook on practice, and realizes the transformation in the history of human cognition.

Fifth, dialectical materialist epistemology holds that cognition is the active reflection of the subject on the object. This kind of active reflection has two characteristics: on the one hand, the reflection has the nature of copying, that is, human cognition, as a reflection of objective things, must take objective things as the prototype, and it always tries to reproduce the state, attributes, relations, essence, and laws of objective things in its thinking.

The facsimile nature of the reflection determines the objectivity of the reflection. On the other hand, reflection is creative. The facsimile of reflection is by no means a visual depiction of an object or a mirror-like reflection of the original.

If the process of people's reflection of the object is regarded as a process of information activity, then in this process, there is not only the acceptance of the information of the object of cognition, but also the analysis, selection, application, reorganization, integration, construction and virtualization of the information of the object of cognition.

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