What are the basic principles of materialism

1.The principle of the dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness.

Principle content] :(1) Matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is nothing but the reflection of objective things in the human brain. (2) Consciousness has an active effect on matter: Consciousness is able to correctly reflect objective things.

Consciousness can react on objective things, and correct consciousness promotes the development of objective things;False consciousness hinders the development of objective things.

The principle of objectivity of laws.

Principle content]: The law is the inevitable connection of the inherent essence of the process of the movement of things. The law is objective, its existence and effect are not transferred by human consciousness, people can neither create the law, nor change or eliminate the law, but people can recognize and use the law.

The principle of the relationship between respecting objective laws and giving full play to subjective initiative.

Principle content]: Respect for objective laws is inseparable from giving full play to subjective initiative.

Giving play to subjective initiative should be based on respecting objective laws.

It advocates the primacy of matter and the primacy of spirituality. Only.

Materialism insists on explaining the world as it is, without attaching any foreign elements, and the spirit of materialism is also.

The spirit of science. To uphold materialism is to adhere to atheism and oppose theism. To be a materialist in the general worldview.

Righteousness is distinguished from its specific forms in various eras, and materialism has gone through three forms in the course of its development, namely the ancient.

Naïve materialism, modern metaphysical materialism, modern dialectical materialism, and historical materialism.

The basic view of materialism: Materialism believes that matter is primordial, consciousness is derived, there is matter first and then consciousness, and matter determines consciousness.

Materialism believes that the original nature of the world is matter and adheres to the view that matter is first and consciousness is second, and idealism believes that the original principle of the world is consciousness and insists on the view that consciousness is first and matter is second.

Matter is primordial, consciousness is derived, there is matter first and then consciousness, and matter determines consciousness. Idealism believes that consciousness is primordial, matter depends on consciousness, and it is not the selection of material that determines consciousness, but consciousness that determines matter.

Disagreement

Materialism: The essence of the world is matter, there is matter first and then consciousness in the world, matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of matter (material first, consciousness second).

Warring States Xunzi: "Heaven and earth are united and all things are born, and yin and yang change one after another." ”

Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Heaven and earth are combined, and all things are self-generated." ”

Fan Zhen of the Southern Dynasty: "If the form exists, the god exists, and the form is destroyed." ”

Wang Fuzhi of the Ming Dynasty: "Those who are angry are also based on reason." "The only tool in the world", "The way of the Taoist", "There is no way without its instrument".

The basic point of view of materialism:

Matter is the primordial, consciousness is derivative, there is matter first and then there is consciousness, and matter determines consciousness.

The original principle of the world is matter, matter is primary, and spirit is secondary, it is the existing matter and then there is spirit, thinking, consciousness, etc., there are many representative philosophers in the West, Heraclitus, Bacon, Locke and Marx we are introducing recently, etc.

Idealism, on the other hand, holds that the origin of the world is the spirit or the mind, that the spirit is primary, and that all existence, everything that is known to man, is fundamentally spiritual. Idealistic philosophers and archetypal ideas such as Plato's Theory of Ideas, Descartes' I think therefore I am, Berkeley's Being is perceived, and Hegel's Absolute Spirit.

There are three forms of materialism: ancient naïve materialism, modern metaphysical materialism, dialectical materialism, and historical materialism.

The naïve materialism of antiquity regarded concrete material forms as the origin of the world. Although it corrected the basic questions of philosophy, due to the limitations of the level of production and scientific development at that time, this materialism had a superficial, intuitive, and naïve nature.

Metaphysical materialism is the worldview of the bourgeois revolution. It utilizes.

Ten. The achievements of natural science in the 7th and 18th centuries materialistically reduced the materiality and knowability of the world and overcame the shortcomings of ancient naïve materialism, such as speculation and conjecture. However, due to the limitations of the level of development of production and science and the class status, there are still limitations of mechanical, metaphysical, and idealistic views of history.

The dialectical materialism and historical materialism founded by Marx and Engels are the highest stage in the development of materialist philosophy, which overcomes the limitations of metaphysical materialism, correctly reveals the most general laws of development of nature, society and thinking, and provides the proletariat with the sharpness to correctly understand and transform the world.

1. Materialism and idealism are the division of philosophical schools according to a philosophical theory on the first aspect of the basic problem of philosophy (the problem of the relationship between thinking and existence).

Materialism: the belief that existence is primary, thinking is secondary, and that matter and existence determine consciousness and thinking;

Idealism: Belief that thinking is the first nature, existence is secondary, and thinking determines existence.

2. Their own views.

The basic philosophical school of opposition between materialism and idealism. It is correct about the relationship between thinking and being, between spirit and matter, acknowledging that the universe is unified with matter, and that spirit or consciousness is the product of matter; The objective material world exists independently of the spirit, and human cognition is a reflection of objective existence. Materialism usually always reflects the interests of an advanced class or group.

In China, the representatives of materialism include Xunzi in the Warring States Period, Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fan Zhen in the Southern Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Dai Zhen in the Qing Dynasty. In the West, the development of materialism can be divided into the following three stages: naïve materialism in ancient Greece and Rome; metaphysics, materialism or mechanical materialism of the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries; Dialectical materialism and historical materialism since the nineteenth century, i.e. Marxist philosophy.

Idealism erroneously addresses the question of who is the first nature and who is the second nature between consciousness and matter, thinking and being. Idealism believes that consciousness is the first nature, matter is the second nature, consciousness is the origin of the world, there is consciousness first, then matter, consciousness determines matter.

The three basic forms of materialism:

1. Naive materialism.

Naive materialism is also known as "naïve materialism" and is also known as spontaneous materialism. Naive materialism affirms the material origin and unity of the world, and due to the limitation of the level of understanding, it always regards a certain or specific material form as the material origin of the world and the material basis of unity.

2. Historical materialism.

Historical materialism: It is a set of theories in philosophy about the development of human society. Historical materialism points out that the fundamental reason for the occurrence of all events in history is the abundance of materials, and the development of social history has its own inherent objective laws.

3. Modern metaphysics.

There is a broad sense and a narrow sense, the broad sense refers to the materialist philosophy that explains the universe from a metaphysical point of view; In a narrow sense, it refers to the second form of materialism in the history of Western philosophy, that is, the materialist philosophy of the 16th-18th centuries.

Materialism and idealism, two specialized philosophical terms, have specific meanings and definite criteria, and cannot be arbitrarily as follows:

1. Materialism:

Materialism is a finite doctrine that is opposed to indefinite and monotheistic theories. Materialism acknowledges that the world is knowable, but denies the existence of omniscient beings. Materialism recognizes that the above argument contains contradictions, but does not try to resolve this contradiction, but admits it, believing that everything contains contradictions, and the more contradictions there are, the more real they are.

2. Idealism:

Idealism is one of the two basic schools of philosophy, and it is a philosophical system of thought that is opposed to materialism. The basic meaning of idealism is that in the philosophical ontology of the relationship between thinking and existence, spirit and matter, it is believed that spirit is the first nature of the world, and matter is the second nature of the world.