Translation skills and methods for early Chinese Chinese

Revision Guide for the Final Exam of the Second Year of Junior High School: Methods and Skills of Classical Chinese Translation?

Classical Chinese translation is to use the modern Chinese way of expressing Xingyou to say the meaning of literary sentences.

The "Nine Character Formula" of Classical Chinese Translation can help us understand the requirements and methods of classical Chinese translation, so as to facilitate the accurate translation of classical Chinese. The "nine-character formula" in classical Chinese translation refers to the nine characters of "letter, reach, elegance, retention, change, adjustment, citation, addition, and deletion".

"Faith, Reach, and Elegance" are the requirements for translating classical Chinese. "Faith" means to be faithful to the original text and not to distort the original meaning. Don't increase or decrease at will, add branches and remove leaves, look at the meaning of the text, far-fetched, and can't do whatever you want, throw off the original text, and make it up out of thin air.

"Da" is to be smooth and fluent, not only to make the sentence perfect, but also to retain the tone of the original text; It is also necessary to avoid the rigidity of sentences and the tone of literary language. "Ya" means to conform to the norms of modern Chinese, and the words and sentences should be vivid and beautiful, concise and fluent. In short, classical Chinese translation requires the use of standardized modern Chinese to accurately and fluently express the content of the original text.

Retention, replacement, adjustment, citation, addition, and deletion" are translated into classical Chinese'Basic approach. Because of the differences in word meanings and grammar between ancient and modern times, different methods should be adopted for translating classical Chinese according to the different usages of sentences and the imaginary and real words that make up sentences.

1. Retain the words in the original text. All ancient special nouns such as words, words and personal names with the same ancient and modern meanings, place names, object names, book titles, country names, official positions, year names, nicknames, weights and measures units, etc., should not be changed during translation, and the original words should be retained.

For example: in the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing guarded Baling as a base county. ("The Story of Yueyang Tower").

1. In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was demoted to the post of Taishou of Baling County.

"Qingli" is the name of the year, "Teng Zijing" is the name of the person, and "Balingjun" is the name of the county.

In addition, there are many idioms in classical Chinese that are often used in modern Chinese, such as "overcoming thorns and thorns", "thousands of weathers", "a thousand moments", etc., which can generally be understood and do not need to be translated, otherwise it will seem unsmooth.

Sentence translation is the focus of classical Chinese examination, and when translating oaks, it is necessary to implement words and sentence patterns. There are two forms of classical Chinese translation: one is literal translation, that is, the original text is mechanically translated in modern Chinese, so that the real words and imaginary words are as relative in meaning as possible; The first is paraphrasing, that is, it does not adopt the method of implementing all the words of real words, imaginary words, Liang hail and words, and only translates according to the meaning of the article, so as to conform to the meaning of the original text as much as possible.

However, whether it is a literal translation or a paraphrase, the following points should be noted:

(1) Conscientiously comprehend the original text, put the words into the sentence to understand, put the sentence into the article to understand, and do not look at the meaning of the text。For example, in "The Story of the Peach Blossom Spring", he led his wife and people to come to this desperate situation, and the desperate situation in the desperate situation cannot be understood as a situation with no way out in modern Chinese. Because from the full text, it is a paradise, and there is no problem of no place to live, therefore, a desperate situation should be a place of isolation.

For example, in the translation of "Wolf", one of the dogs sits in front, the key is to make it clear that the dog is a noun as an adverbial in the sentence, and the translation is like a dog, so that the sentence can be translated correctly. When the key words are implemented, the sentence translation will be smoother.

(3) There are many omitted sentences in the text, and attention should be paid to supplementing them when translating。If one drum is vigorous, then it declines, and three times it is exhausted ("Cao Di Polemic") is translated as the first drumming, and morale is boosted; The second time (drumming), morale is low; The third time (drumming), the morale was exhausted. Here it should be translated as the drum (drumming) after repeated times.

(4) Generally, literal translation is used, and if it is inconvenient to express the meaning of literal translation, paraphrase translation is used。If you are clear, the literal translation is to be able to see clearly the new fine hair on the body of birds and beasts in autumn, so that the translation cannot be expressed, and it should be translated as being able to see very small problems clearly.

(5) Some words can be omitted and not translated。In classical Chinese, some particles only play the role of expressing tone, and sometimes they can not be translated; Some particles only indicate a pause and do not need to be translated; Some words have no meaning in the sentence, but are just to make up enough syllables, which can be omitted and not translated; Some words only serve a certain connecting effect, and they may not be translated. If the husband fights, the courage is also, the husband here is a verbal word, which should be deleted when translating; Again, like a long time, the eyes are like blinding, here is a syllabic particle, used to indicate time'After the words, the syllables are judged wantonly, and there is no need to translate.

(6) All names of places, people, officials, numbers, emperors, and words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times can be copied but not translated。Such as waiting, waiting, Guo Yuzhi, Fei? , Dong Yun, etc., all of them are good and real, and they are loyal and pure ("Out of the Teacher's Table"), the waiter in the service is the official name, and Guo You's fee?

Dong Yun is a personal name, and it has the same meaning in ancient and modern times, so it can be copied but not translated.

(7) The word order of some sentences in classical Chinese is different from that of modern Chinese, and the word order should be adjusted when translating to make it the same as the order of expression in modern Chinese。Such as prepositional object phrase postposition, object preposition, subject-verb inversion sentence, definite postposition, etc. If the butcher is afraid, he throws bones ("wolf"), which should be translated as the butcher is afraid and throws the bones to the wolf (gnaw).

In addition, it should also be noted that the translation should maintain the tone of the original text, which should be translated into a declarative tone, exclamation should be translated into an exclamatory tone, and a questioning tone should be translated into a questioning tone.

Introduction: Many people think that translating classical Chinese is difficult, but in fact, as long as you master the method, it will be much easier. The following is the method of translating classical Chinese in junior high school that I have compiled for you, I hope it will help you!

The six-character method may give you unexpected gains. These six words are: right, add, delete, move, retain, and replace.

1. Right, that is, the translation method.

That is, the method of using words of medium value in modern Chinese to exchange the words of the translated language. For example: "There are rich people in Song, and the sky rain wall is broken. Han Feizi. It can be translated as: "There was a rich man in the Song Kingdom, and the rain caused the wall to collapse." ”

Second, increase, that is, the method of addition.

Most of the words in ancient Chinese are monophonic words, and when translating, it is necessary to expand these monophonic words to make them diphthongs in modern Chinese. For example: "Kill me. (Cao Di's polemics) Qi troops attacked our country.

For sentences that omit certain sentence components or contents, when translating, necessary additions should be made so that the meaning is complete and the sentence is fluent. Additional sections should be marked in parentheses. Such as:

He asked, 'Why?' "Q" lacks a subject and a direct object, and should be supplemented.

The translation reads: "Cao Di) asked (Zhuang Gong): By what kind of battle?

3. Deletion, i.e., the method of deletion.

There are some empty words in modern Chinese, and there is no equivalent word to represent them, so they cannot be translated hard. Although there are words equivalent to them in modern Chinese, if they are barely translated, they will make the sentences cumbersome. Words that fall into both cases are deleted when translated. Such as:

Husband war, courage also. (Cao Di's Polemics).

husband, pronounced words; Also, it means judgment'Modal words. It is not used in modern Chinese and should be deleted.

Chen Sheng, Yangcheng people also. (Chen Shi Shijia).

, playing the Teton role. Also, modal words that denote judgment. These two imaginary words are not used in judgment sentences in modern Chinese and should be deleted.

Fourth, shift, that is, the displacement method.

Adjust the sentence order according to the modern Chinese grammar format. Any sentence that is inconsistent with the syntactic structure of modern Chinese cannot be arranged according to the word order of the original sentence when translating, and the part that does not conform to the word order of modern Chinese must be adjusted. For example:

Fighting in the long spoon ("Cao Di's Polemic").

Yu Long Spoon" should be used as an adverbial for "war", and it should be translated before referring to "war".

The land with a long gong is separated, and the crown cuts the clouds. (Shijiang).

"Lu Li" is a modification of "Chang Xuan", and "Cui Wei" is a modification of "cutting clouds", and the translation should be moved to the front of the modified central language.

5. Retention, that is, the method of retention.

All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as the names of emperors, countries, years, people, places, officials, weights and measures, etc., can be copied in the translation and do not need to be translated. Such as:

In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zi was guarding Ba Fall County. ("The Story of Yueyang Tower").

Shandong Haojie rose up against the merger and died of the Qin people. (Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin").

Words underlined in sentences are not translated.

Sixth, change, that is, the law of substitution.

In modern Chinese, the meaning expressed in many classical Chinese texts is not expressed by the original words, and the translation can be replaced by words with equivalent meanings in modern Chinese.